{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:58:43Z","timestamp":1781197123870,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20200708072YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200708072YY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210401122YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210401122YY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) has a high short-term mortality rate. <jats:italic>Schisandra chinensis<\/jats:italic> has the potential to ameliorate liver damage and be a source of prebiotics. We aimed to investigate whether <jats:italic>Schisandra chinensis<\/jats:italic> extract (SCE) can improve AH and the role of the small intestinal and cecal microbiota and their metabolites. UHPLC-QE-MS was used to analyze the chemical components of SCE. The chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding model was used to induce AH in mice. <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H NMR was used to analyze intestinal metabolites. 16S rRNA-based high throughput sequencing was used to evaluate the effects of SCE on intestinal microbiota (IM). Intestinal microbiota transplantation was used to explore the role of IM in SCE treatment of AH. SCE ameliorated AH non-dose-dependently. SCE effectively improved liver inflammation and oxidative\/nitrosative stress, strengthened intestinal barrier function, and regulated the composition of IM and the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in AH mice. Samples from <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> SCE-altered IM improved liver status and regulated the IM. The administration of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium breve<\/jats:italic> ameliorated AH to some extent. The administration of <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Klebsiella oxytoca<\/jats:italic> had partial beneficial effects on AH. Collectively, IM and metabolites were closely associated with the improvement of SCE on AH. The possible microbe targets were the growth inhibition of <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic> and the expansion of SCFA producers, such as <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Schisandra chinensis<\/jats:italic> can be considered as a safe and effective dietary supplement for the prevention and improvement of AH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.822429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T05:09:35Z","timestamp":1645160975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to the Improvement of Alcoholic Hepatitis in Mice Treated With Schisandra chinensis Extract"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jun-Yan","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Yu","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Xin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuhong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2020.0057","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in alcohol related liver diseases","volume":"26","author":"hasthry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0014-7","article-title":"Alcoholic liver disease","volume":"4","author":"Seitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v5.i4.514","article-title":"Alterations of the gut microbiome and metabolome in alcoholic liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Zhong","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665120006916","article-title":"SCFA: mechanisms and functional importance in the gut","volume":"80","author":"Martin-Gallausiaux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.25350","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the mechanism of early alcohol-induced liver injury in mice","volume":"34","author":"Uesugi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30326-7","article-title":"The knowns and unknowns of treatment for alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"5","author":"Sehrawat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10040620","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of schisandra chinensis fruits and their active constituents","volume":"10","author":"Kopustinskiene","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-016-9470-4","article-title":"Current knowledge of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Chinese magnolia vine) as a medicinal plant species: a review on the bioactive components, pharmacological properties, analytical and biotechnological studies","volume":"16","author":"Szopa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytochem Rev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.12.058","article-title":"A review of polysaccharides from Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera: properties, functions and applications","volume":"184","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert consensus document: the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.01.079","article-title":"Protective effect of acidic polysaccharide from Schisandra chinensis on acute ethanol-induced liver injury through reducing CYP2E1-dependent oxidative stress","volume":"99","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519479","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.519479","article-title":"The anti-colitis effect of schisandra chinensis polysaccharide is associated with the regulation of the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-030216-030055","article-title":"Bioavailability of nutrients and micronutrients: advances in modeling and in vitro approaches","volume":"8","author":"Marze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1421900","article-title":"Can dynamic in vitro digestion systems mimic the physiological reality?","volume":"59","author":"Dupont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01213","article-title":"Amoxicillin increased functional pathway genes and beta-lactam resistance genes by pathogens bloomed in intestinal microbiota using a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(93)90391-R","article-title":"Determination of the mechanical impact force in the in vitro dissolution test and evaluation of the correlation between in vivo and in vitro release","volume":"95","author":"Aoki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Elsevier."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"109","article-title":"Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of total tritepenoidic in the leaves and stems of Polyalthia cerasoides","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Guangzhou Chem Indust"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.04.020","article-title":"Comparison of nutritional quality and sensory acceptability of biscuits obtained from native, fermented, and malted pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) flour","volume":"232","author":"Adebiyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S161","DOI":"10.3329\/bjp.v11iS1.26844","article-title":"Determination of eight lignans in Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bangl J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.13422\/j.cnki.syfjx.2013.05.053","article-title":"Determination of organic acid compounds in schisandra processed with vinegar","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chinese J Exp Tradit Med Formulae."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127443","article-title":"Comparison of bioaccessibility and relative bioavailability of arsenic in rice bran: The in vitro with PBET\/SHIME and in vivo with mice model","volume":"259","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.5.1589-1592.1996","article-title":"Pathways of acetate, propionate, and butyrate formation by the human fecal microbial flora","volume":"62","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1986.tb03059.x","article-title":"Effect of culture medium and carbon dioxide concentration on growth of anaerobic bacteria and medium pH","volume":"94","author":"Jansen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand B."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.032","article-title":"Mouse model of chronic and binge ethanol feeding (the NIAAA model)","volume":"8","author":"Bertola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Protoc."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00601","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00601-17","article-title":"Polyphenol- and caffeine-rich postfermented Pu-erh tea improves diet-induced metabolic syndrome by remodeling intestinal homeostasis in mice","volume":"86","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9438-y","article-title":"Probiotics-fermented Massa Medicata Fermentata ameliorates weaning stress in piglets related to improving intestinal homeostasis","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453563","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/453563","article-title":"Contribution of gut bacteria to liver pathobiology","volume":"2010","author":"Son","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.05.021","article-title":"Intestinal HIF-1alpha deletion exacerbates alcoholic liver disease by inducing intestinal dysbiosis and barrier dysfunction","volume":"69","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.01.026","article-title":"Intestinally derived bacterial products stimulate development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"141","author":"Dornas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06900-x","article-title":"Expression profile of intestinal stem cell markers in colitis-associated carcinogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-015-9702-9","article-title":"The effect of SCF and ouabain on small intestinal motility dysfunction induced by gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis","volume":"32","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Metastasis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.116.2.369","article-title":"Requirement of c-kit for development of intestinal pacemaker system","volume":"116","author":"Maeda","year":"1992","journal-title":"Development."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-021-02402-2","article-title":"Klebsiella oxytoca and emerging nosocomial infections","volume":"78","author":"Neog","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.01.029","article-title":"Interactions between gut microbiota and non-alcoholic liver disease: the role of microbiota-derived metabolites","volume":"141","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13030175","article-title":"Non-digestible oligosaccharides and short chain fatty acids as therapeutic targets against enterotoxin-producing bacteria and their toxins","volume":"13","author":"Asadpoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.008","article-title":"The science and translation of lactate shuttle theory","volume":"27","author":"Brooks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0099-1","article-title":"Alcohol, liver disease and the gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Bajaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAI-0023-2019","article-title":"Shigella pathogenesis: new insights through advanced methodologies","author":"Schnupf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-020-00379-w","article-title":"Probiotics prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and obesity: current evidence, controversies, and perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Vallianou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Obesity Rep"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1021\/pr501121c","article-title":"Hepatic and fecal metabolomic analysis of the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Proteome Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2008.08.006","article-title":"Probiotics restore bowel flora and improve liver enzymes in human alcohol-induced liver injury: a pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Kirpich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-020-09633-y","article-title":"What is wrong with enterococcal probiotics?","volume":"12","author":"Suvorov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1758625","article-title":"Disease managing capacities and mechanisms of host effects of lactic acid bacteria","volume":"61","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1742-x","article-title":"Bacteriophage targeting of gut bacterium attenuates alcoholic liver disease","volume":"575","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322994826","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284818783606","article-title":"The controversial role of Enterococcus faecalis in colorectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"de Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5595","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225595","article-title":"Tilivalline- and Tilimycin-Independent effects of Klebsiella oxytoca on tight junction-mediated intestinal barrier impairment","volume":"20","author":"Hering","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01569642","article-title":"Effect of lactic acid on growth and butanediol production by","volume":"4","author":"Qureshi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Indust Microbiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2021.03.006","article-title":"Emerging therapies for alcoholic hepatitis","volume":"25","author":"Thanda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e306","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000306","article-title":"No effect in alcoholic hepatitis of gut-selective, broad-spectrum antibiotics on bacterial translocation or hepatic and systemic inflammation","volume":"12","author":"St\u00f8y","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1997.tb04464.x","article-title":"Effect of treatment with paromomycin on endotoxemia in patients with alcoholic liver disease\u2013a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Bode","year":"1997","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31708","article-title":"The use of rifaximin in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"74","author":"Caraceni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12070","article-title":"Long-term administration of rifaximin improves the prognosis of patients with decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"28","author":"Vlachogiannakos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.10.029","article-title":"Healthy donor fecal microbiota transplantation in steroid-ineligible severe alcoholic hepatitis: a pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Philips","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S67518","article-title":"Time and dose relationships between schisandrin B- and schisandrae fructus oil-induced hepatotoxicity and the associated elevations in hepatic and serum triglyceride levels in mice","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Design Dev Ther."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.822429\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T05:09:41Z","timestamp":1645160981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.822429\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2022.822429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.822429","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"article-number":"822429"}}