{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:43:23Z","timestamp":1792086203378,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001459","name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004412","name":"Human Frontier Science Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> is an obligate intracellular parasite that mainly infects warm-blooded animals including humans. <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> can encyst and persist chronically in the brain, leading to a broad spectrum of neurological sequelae. Despite the associated health threats, no clinical drug is currently available to eliminate <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> cysts. In a continuous effort to uncover novel therapeutic agents for these cysts, the potential of nutritional products has been explored. Herein, we describe findings from <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies that support the efficacy of plant-based foods and nutraceuticals against brain cyst burden and cerebral pathologies associated with chronic toxoplasmosis. Finally, we discuss strategies to increase the translatability of preclinical studies and nutritional products to address whether nutritional therapy can be beneficial for coping with chronic <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infections in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.827286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T09:41:45Z","timestamp":1645782105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impact of Plant-Based Foods and Nutraceuticals on Toxoplasma gondii Cysts: Nutritional Therapy as a Viable Approach for Managing Chronic Brain Toxoplasmosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sijie","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen Han","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajai","family":"Vyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001844","article-title":"Geographical patterns of Toxoplasma gondii genetic diversity revealed by multilocus PCR-RFLP genotyping","volume":"141","author":"Shwab","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5844","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203190109","article-title":"Globally diverse Toxoplasma gondii isolates comprise six major clades originating from a small number of distinct ancestral lineages","volume":"109","author":"Su","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.181565","article-title":"Patterns of transmission and sources of infection in outbreaks of human toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"Pinto-Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.111732","article-title":"The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Torgerson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.190814","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in organ transplant recipients: evaluation, implication, and prevention","volume":"6","author":"Khurana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091014-104100","article-title":"Lytic cycle of Toxoplasma gondii: 15 years later","volume":"69","author":"Blader","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00735.x","article-title":"Induction of dendritic cell migration upon Toxoplasma gondii infection potentiates parasite dissemination","volume":"8","author":"Lambert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003051","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003051","article-title":"GABAergic signaling is linked to a hypermigratory phenotype in dendritic cells infected by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"Fuks","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12145","article-title":"Rapid cytoskeleton remodelling in dendritic cells following invasion by Toxoplasma gondii coincides with the onset of a hypermigratory phenotype","volume":"15","author":"Weidner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006739","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006739","article-title":"Voltage-dependent calcium channel signaling mediates GABAA receptor-induced migratory activation of dendritic cells infected by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"13","author":"Kanatani","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jcs225193","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.225193","article-title":"TIMP-1 promotes hypermigration of Toxoplasma-infected primary dendritic cells via CD63\u2013ITGB1\u2013FAK signaling","volume":"132","author":"\u00d3lafsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0504-8","article-title":"The secreted kinase ROP17 promotes Toxoplasma gondii dissemination by hijacking monocyte tissue migration","volume":"4","author":"Drewry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/boc.202000005","article-title":"The unicellular eukaryotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii hijacks the migration machinery of mononuclear phagocytes to promote its dissemination","volume":"112","author":"\u00d3lafsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Cell."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-02-0666","article-title":"CD11c-and CD11b-expressing mouse leukocytes transport single Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites to the brain","volume":"107","author":"Courret","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.10.029","article-title":"Intracellular transport of Toxoplasma gondii through the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"232","author":"Lachenmaier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12239","article-title":"Real-time imaging of Toxoplasma-infected human monocytes under fluidic shear stress reveals rapid translocation of intracellular parasites across endothelial barriers","volume":"16","author":"Ueno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.1","article-title":"Endothelial cells are a replicative niche for entry of Toxoplasma gondii to the central nervous system","volume":"1","author":"Konradt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0339-3","article-title":"Immune response and immunopathology during toxoplasmosis","volume":"34","author":"Dupont","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxy004","article-title":"Host immune responses to Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"30","author":"Sasai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0353-9","article-title":"Innate, adaptive, and cell-autonomous immunity against Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"51","author":"Sasai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D391","DOI":"10.2741\/Weiss","article-title":"The development and biology of bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"5","author":"Weiss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00535321","article-title":"An ultrastructural study of the early development and tissue cyst formation of Toxoplasma gondii in the brains of mice","volume":"73","author":"Ferguson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N100505","DOI":"10.4303\/jnp\/N100505","article-title":"Host cell preference of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in murine brain: a confocal study","volume":"1","author":"Melzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuroparasitol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005447","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005447","article-title":"Neurons are the primary target cell for the brain-tropic intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"12","author":"Cabral","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2015.00014","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in brain and heart by immunohistochemistry in a hospital-based autopsy series in Durango, Mexico","volume":"5","author":"Alvarado-Esquivel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Microbiol Immunol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6442","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608310104","article-title":"Behavioral changes induced by Toxoplasma infection of rodents are highly specific to aversion of cat odors","volume":"104","author":"Vyas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00254-08","article-title":"Temporal and spatial distribution of Toxoplasma gondii differentiation into bradyzoites and tissue cyst formation in vivo","volume":"76","author":"Di Cristina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-5-48","article-title":"Neurological and behavioral abnormalities, ventricular dilatation, altered cellular functions, inflammation, and neuronal injury in brains of mice due to common, persistent, parasitic infection","volume":"5","author":"Hermes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28925","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028925","article-title":"The distribution of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in the brain of a mouse with latent toxoplasmosis: implications for the behavioral manipulation hypothesis","volume":"6","author":"Berenreiterov\u00e1","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156255","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156255","article-title":"Experimental toxoplasmosis in rats induced orally with eleven strains of Toxoplasma gondii of seven genotypes: tissue tropism, tissue cyst size, neural lesions, tissue cyst rupture without reactivation, and ocular lesions","volume":"11","author":"Dubey","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00687372","article-title":"Neuropathology of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): a report of 135 consecutive autopsy cases from Switzerland","volume":"77","author":"Lang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00310023","article-title":"The changing pattern of human immunodeficiency virus-associated cerebral toxoplasmosis: a study of 46 postmortem cases","volume":"83","author":"Strittmatter","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199212033272306","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","volume":"327","author":"Porter","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462961917933","article-title":"Clinical features, outcome and survival from cerebral toxoplasmosis in Edinburgh AIDS patients","volume":"7","author":"Laing","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1999.tb00735.x","article-title":"Long-term course and outcome in AIDS patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis","volume":"100","author":"Arendt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111351","article-title":"Comprehensive overview of Toxoplasma gondii-induced and associated diseases","volume":"10","author":"Daher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e177","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30005-X","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of Toxoplasma gondii infection in HIV-infected people: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet HIV."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2018.1483721","article-title":"Management of toxoplasmosis in transplant recipients: an update","volume":"16","author":"Dard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325958219867315","DOI":"10.1177\/2325958219867315","article-title":"HIV-related cerebral toxoplasmosis revisited: current concepts and controversies of an old disease","volume":"18","author":"Vidal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care."},{"key":"B40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents","volume":"58","author":"Kaplan","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1182","article-title":"Fatal attraction in rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"267","author":"Berdoy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Roy Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004935","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004935","article-title":"Mechanisms of host behavioral change in Toxoplasma gondii rodent association","volume":"11","author":"Vyas","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12423","article-title":"Beyond the association. Toxoplasma gondii in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and addiction: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"132","author":"Sutterland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby082","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: biological parameters of the connection to schizophrenia","volume":"44","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.05.007","article-title":"Latent toxoplasma infection in real-world schizophrenia: results from the national FACE-SZ cohort","volume":"201","author":"Fond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"sgaa042","DOI":"10.1093\/schizbullopen\/sgaa042","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection and clinical characteristics of patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Sutterland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull Open"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.08.001","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii and anxiety disorders in a community-based sample","volume":"43","author":"Markovitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.11.016","article-title":"Is there any association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and bipolar disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"209","author":"de Barros","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0218524","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218524","article-title":"Is there any association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Nayeri Chegeni","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz025","article-title":"An updated meta-analysis of the association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and risk of epilepsy","volume":"113","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007306","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007306","article-title":"Relationship between toxoplasmosis and obsessive compulsive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Nayeri Chegeni","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Neglect Trop Dis."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens6020019","article-title":"Neurophysiological changes induced by chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"6","author":"Tedford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.11.012","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: a pathway to neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"96","author":"Tyebji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.08.005","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: an underestimated threat?","volume":"36","author":"Milne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04528-x","article-title":"Behavioral biology of Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"14","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1985.11811902","article-title":"Changes in brain concentrations of catecholamines and indoleamines in Toxoplasma gondii infected mice","volume":"79","author":"Stibbs","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00217-16","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice impairs long-term fear memory consolidation through dysfunction of the cortex and amygdala","volume":"84","author":"Ihara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00007","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00007-17","article-title":"Involvement of host defense mechanisms against Toxoplasma gondii infection in anhedonic and despair-like behaviors in mice","volume":"85","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00398","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00398-18","article-title":"Chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection induces anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor autoantibodies and associated behavioral changes and neuropathology","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Immunity."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005643","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005643","article-title":"GLT-1-dependent disruption of CNS glutamate homeostasis and neuronal function by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"12","author":"David","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.11.005","article-title":"Induction of depression-related behaviors by reactivation of chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice","volume":"298","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320.e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.12.019","article-title":"Neuroinflammation-associated aspecific manipulation of mouse predator fear by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"30","author":"Boillat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00381","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00381-19","article-title":"Guanabenz reverses a key behavioral change caused by latent toxoplasmosis in mice by reducing neuroinflammation","volume":"10","author":"Martynowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"MBio."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00033","article-title":"Testosterone reduces fear and causes drastic hypomethylation of arginine vasopressin promoter in medial extended amygdala of male mice","volume":"13","author":"Tong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00630","article-title":"Testosterone acts within the medial amygdala of rats to reduce innate fear to predator odor akin to the effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.12.006","article-title":"Behavioral manipulation by Toxoplasma gondii: does brain residence matter?","volume":"37","author":"Abdulai-Saiku","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9122531","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis: current and emerging parasite druggable targets","volume":"9","author":"Hajj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00057","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00057-17","article-title":"Treatment of toxoplasmosis: historical perspective, animal models, and current clinical practice","volume":"31","author":"Dunay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00036","article-title":"Treatment of toxoplasmosis: current options and future perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Konstantinovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90014-9","article-title":"Treatment of central nervous system toxoplasmosis with pyrimethamine\/sulfadiazine combination in 35 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: efficacy of long-term continuous therapy","volume":"84","author":"Leport","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.5.1294","article-title":"Folinic acid supplements to pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine for Toxoplasma encephalitis are associated with better outcome","volume":"173","author":"Van Delden","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-017-0206-8","article-title":"Adverse event profile of pyrimethamine-based therapy in toxoplasmosis: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Ben-Harari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs R D."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12402","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relative efficacy and safety of treatment regimens for HIV-associated cerebral toxoplasmosis: is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole a real option?","volume":"18","author":"Hernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02587","article-title":"Drug resistance in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"9","author":"Montazeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(87)90769-8","article-title":"Role of clindamycin in the treatment of central nervous system toxoplasmosis","volume":"83","author":"Rolston","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92172-C","article-title":"Efficacy of atovaquone in treatment of toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS","volume":"340","author":"Kovacs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414560594","article-title":"Alternative treatment approach to cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV\/AIDS: experience from a resource-poor setting","volume":"26","author":"Goswami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6027-z","article-title":"Activities of anti-Toxoplasma drugs and compounds against tissue cysts in the last three decades (1987 to 2017), a systematic review","volume":"117","author":"Montazeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.629917","article-title":"Imiquimod targets toxoplasmosis through modulating host toll-like receptor-MyD88 signaling","volume":"12","author":"Hamie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.73","article-title":"Effects of artesunate, dihydroartemisinin, and an artesunate-dihydroartemisinin combination against Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"62","author":"Sarciron","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1645\/13-451.1","article-title":"A thiazole derivative of artemisinin moderately reduces Toxoplasma gondii cyst burden in infected mice","volume":"100","author":"Schultz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Parasitol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7363","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S181896","article-title":"Curcumin nanoemulsion as a novel chemical for the treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mice","volume":"13","author":"Azami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Nanomed."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-020-06429-y","article-title":"Curcumin@metal organic frameworks nano-composite for treatment of chronic toxoplasmosis","volume":"31","author":"El-Shafey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.21608\/jesp.2019.68288","article-title":"THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF THYMUS VULGARIS AND MYRISTICA FRAGRANCE HOUTT. (NUTMEG) ETHANOLIC EXTRACTAGAINST TOXOPLASMOSIS IN MURINE MODEL","volume":"49","author":"Farag","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4759-6","article-title":"Effect of Nigella sativa oil on experimental toxoplasmosis","volume":"115","author":"Mady","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"B86","first-page":"165","article-title":"Efficacy of black seed oil from Nigella sativa against murine infection with cysts of Me49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"4","author":"Rayan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PUJ"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics7040077","article-title":"Rosmarinus officinalis L (Rosemary): an ancient plant with uses in personal healthcare and cosmetics","volume":"7","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Minero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cosmetics."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105992","article-title":"The delayed death-causing nature of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extracts and their mixture within experimental chronic toxoplasmosis: therapeutic and prophylactic implications","volume":"2021","author":"Hamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0178203","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178203","article-title":"Identification of compounds that suppress Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and bradyzoites","volume":"12","author":"Murata","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.08.034","article-title":"Preliminary study on immunological and behavioural effects of Thymus broussonetii Boiss, an endemic species in Morocco","volume":"103","author":"Elhabazi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1832-z","article-title":"The effect of essential oils from Thymus broussonetii Boiss on transmission of Toxoplasma gondii cysts in mice","volume":"107","author":"Dahbi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5041-2","article-title":"Effects of Thymus vulgaris ethanolic extract on chronic toxoplasmosis in a mouse model","volume":"115","author":"Eraky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.7.3295-3302.1998","article-title":"Bradyzoite development in Toxoplasma gondii and the hsp70 stress response","volume":"66","author":"Weiss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100128","article-title":"Urolithin-A attenuates neurotoxoplasmosis and alters innate response towards predator odor","volume":"8","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, & Immunity-Health."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2015.07.013","article-title":"Effects of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim associated to resveratrol on its free form and complexed with 2-hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin on cytokines levels of mice infected by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"87","author":"Bottari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2015.01.001","article-title":"Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim associated with resveratrol for the treatment of toxoplasmosis in mice: influence on the activity of enzymes involved in brain neurotransmission","volume":"79","author":"Bottari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb Pathog."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.04.002","article-title":"Synergistic effects of resveratrol (free and inclusion complex) and sulfamethoxazole-trimetropim treatment on pathology, oxidant\/antioxidant status and behavior of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"95","author":"Bottari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092137","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent Toxoplasma gondii infection by inducing autophagy via AMPK activation","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017001111","article-title":"Mechanism of dexamethasone in the context of Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"144","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3032","article-title":"Prooxidant diet provides protection during murine infection with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"89","author":"McCarthy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001111","article-title":"Biogenic selenium nanoparticles target chronic toxoplasmosis with minimal cytotoxicity in a mouse model","volume":"69","author":"Keyhani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00451-y","article-title":"The high potency of green synthesized copper nanoparticles to prevent the Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice","volume":"66","author":"Albalawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.07.007","article-title":"Green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles using Lavandula angustifolia Vera. extract by microwave method and its prophylactic effects on Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"28","author":"Saadatmand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.491s","article-title":"Health-promoting properties of common herbs","volume":"70","author":"Craig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00548.x","article-title":"Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future","volume":"185","author":"Tapsell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med J Aust."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-7205-6_4","article-title":"Myristica fragrans Houtt.: botanical, pharmacological, and toxicological aspects","volume-title":"Natural Bio-active Compounds","author":"Arumugam","year":"2019"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcbee.2012.06.017","article-title":"Anti-parasitic activity of Myristica fragrans Houtt. essential oil against Toxoplasma gondii parasite","volume":"2","author":"Pillai","year":"2012","journal-title":"APCBEE Proc."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02152","article-title":"Myrislignan exhibits activities against Toxoplasma gondii RH strain by triggering mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528635","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1528635","article-title":"Nigella sativa L. (black cumin): a promising natural remedy for wide range of illnesses","volume":"2019","author":"Yimer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2017.20.021","article-title":"Review on clinical trials of black seed (Nigella sativa) and its active constituent, thymoquinone","volume":"20","author":"Tavakkoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pharmacopunct."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.01.020","article-title":"Thymus spp. plants-Food applications and phytopharmacy properties","volume":"85","author":"Salehi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9080961","article-title":"A review on applications and uses of Thymus in the food industry","volume":"9","author":"Nieto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2013.05.009","article-title":"Plant phenolics: recent advances on their biosynthesis, genetics, and ecophysiology","volume":"72","author":"Cheynier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21138","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201219753","article-title":"Antioxidant phytochemicals for the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.12.133","article-title":"Applications of nanotechnology in drug delivery to the central nervous system","volume":"111","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6100092","article-title":"Curcumin: a review of its' effects on human health","volume":"6","author":"Hewlings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foods."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1268-5","article-title":"Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii glyoxalase 1 and evaluation of inhibitory effects of curcumin on the enzyme and parasite cultures","volume":"8","author":"Goo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2018.12.016","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of curcumin: a review of clinical trials","volume":"163","author":"Salehi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2016.1157883","article-title":"Oral bioavailability of curcumin: problems and advancements","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Drug Target."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2020.1730815","article-title":"Curcumin and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles: antipathogenic and antiparasitic activities","volume":"18","author":"Rai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.855","article-title":"Resveratrol: a miraculous natural compound for diseases treatment","volume":"6","author":"Koushki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-017-0038-6","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of resveratrol: a review of clinical trials","volume":"1","author":"Berman","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21565","article-title":"Health benefits of resveratrol: evidence from clinical studies","volume":"39","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Res Rev."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-018-9634-3","article-title":"Resveratrol-mediated reversal of changes in purinergic signaling and immune response induced by Toxoplasma gondii infection of neural progenitor cells","volume":"15","author":"Bottari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06795-0","article-title":"Neuroprotective role of resveratrol mediated by purinergic signalling in cerebral cortex of mice infected by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"119","author":"Bottari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2019.01.001","article-title":"Disruption of purinergic receptor P2X7 signaling increases susceptibility to cerebral toxoplasmosis","volume":"189","author":"Moreira-Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270418","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/270418","article-title":"Biological significance of urolithins, the gut microbial ellagic acid-derived metabolites: the evidence so far","volume":"2013","author":"Espin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00051","article-title":"Fate of microbial metabolites of dietary polyphenols in rats: is the brain their target destination?","volume":"6","author":"Gasperotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4132","article-title":"Urolithin A induces mitophagy and prolongs lifespan in C. elegans and increases muscle function in rodents","volume":"22","author":"Ryu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5b00260","article-title":"Pomegranate's neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer's disease are mediated by urolithins, its ellagitannin-gut microbial derived metabolites","volume":"7","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13136","article-title":"Urolithin A-activated autophagy but not mitophagy protects against ischemic neuronal injury by inhibiting ER stress in vitro and in vivo","volume":"25","author":"Ahsan","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1450-3","article-title":"Urolithin A attenuates memory impairment and neuroinflammation in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"16","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0073-4","article-title":"The mitophagy activator urolithin A is safe and induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondrial and cellular health in humans","volume":"1","author":"Andreux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Metab."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3337879","article-title":"Activation of the miR-34a-mediated SIRT1\/mTOR signaling pathway by urolithin A attenuates d-galactose-induced brain aging in mice","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010202","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of pomegranate juice against parkinson's disease and presence of ellagitannins-derived metabolite\u2014urolithin A\u2014in the brain","volume":"21","author":"Kujawska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4735","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S266911","article-title":"Pharmacological activity and mechanism of tanshinone IIA in related diseases","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.12.058","article-title":"1,25 (OH) 2D3 inhibits in vitro and in vivo intracellular growth of apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"103","author":"Rajapakse","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B138","first-page":"48","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D3 alone and mixed with IFN-\u03b3 on tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii (RH strain) proliferation and nitric oxide (NO) production in infected macrophages of BALB\/C mice","volume":"5","author":"Ghaffarifar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol."},{"key":"B139","first-page":"515","article-title":"The effect of vitamins C and E on nitric oxide elevation to enhance killing of phagocytised Tachizoites of Toxoplasma gondii in BALB\/c mice","volume":"26","author":"Jalalizadegan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sabz Univ Med Sci."},{"key":"B140","volume-title":"Impact of Pro-oxidant Diet on Cytokine Production in Mice Infected with Toxoplasma gondii","author":"Watson","year":"2018"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.04.010","article-title":"Prophylactic effects of biogenic selenium nanoparticles on acute toxoplasmosis: an in vivo study","volume":"54","author":"Shakibaie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg."},{"key":"B142","first-page":"e00054","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii AP2IX-4 regulates gene expression during bradyzoite development","volume-title":"MSphere.","author":"Huang","year":"2017"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00347","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00347-16","article-title":"Opposing transcriptional mechanisms regulate Toxoplasma development","volume":"2","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Msphere."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007035","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007035","article-title":"Transcriptional repression by ApiAP2 factors is central to chronic toxoplasmosis","volume":"14","author":"Radke","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359.e16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.12.013","article-title":"Identification of a master regulator of differentiation in Toxoplasma","volume":"180","author":"Waldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06722-3","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii metacaspase 2 is an important factor that influences bradyzoite formation in the Pru strain","volume":"119","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol Res."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.61.1.243","article-title":"Heat-shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and the stress response: evolutionary and ecological physiology","volume":"61","author":"Feder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1994.1039","article-title":"Experimental induction of bradyzoite-specific antigen expression and cyst formation by the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro","volume":"78","author":"Soete","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2017023","article-title":"The heat shock protein 90 of Toxoplasma gondii is essential for invasion of host cells and tachyzoite growth","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96527","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096527","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii 70 kDa heat shock protein: systemic detection is associated with the death of the parasites by the immune response and its increased expression in the brain is associated with parasite replication","volume":"9","author":"Barenco","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2009.08.006","article-title":"Effect of dietary quercetin on brain quercetin levels and the expression of antioxidant and Alzheimer's disease relevant genes in mice","volume":"61","author":"Huebbe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.017","article-title":"Accumulation of orally administered quercetin in brain tissue and its antioxidative effects in rats","volume":"51","author":"Ishisaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00851","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00851-19","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii parasitophorous vacuole membrane-associated dense granule proteins regulate maturation of the cyst wall","volume":"5","author":"Guevara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Msphere."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.267","article-title":"Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts","volume":"11","author":"Dubey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2018-0337","article-title":"Artemisinin and its derivatives. ancient tradition inspiring the latest therapeutic approaches against malaria","volume":"11","author":"Martino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fut Med Chem."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071574","article-title":"Antimalarial agents as therapeutic tools against toxoplasmosis\u2014a short bridge between two distant illnesses","volume":"25","author":"Secrieru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4206","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00793-06","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii by four new derivatives of artemisinin","volume":"50","author":"Jones-Brando","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn451","article-title":"Artemisinin derivatives inhibit Toxoplasma gondii in vitro at multiple steps in the lytic cycle","volume":"63","author":"D'Angelo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.1021\/jm901857d","article-title":"Thiazole, oxadiazole, and carboxamide derivatives of artemisinin are highly selective and potent inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"53","author":"Hencken","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4450","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00502-09","article-title":"Artemisone and artemiside control acute and reactivated toxoplasmosis in a murine model","volume":"53","author":"Dunay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00262-07","article-title":"Artemisinin induces calcium-dependent protein secretion in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"6","author":"Nagamune","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3816","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00582-07","article-title":"Artemisinin-resistant mutants of Toxoplasma gondii have altered calcium homeostasis","volume":"51","author":"Nagamune","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26881","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1914732116","article-title":"Evolution of resistance in vitro reveals mechanisms of artemisinin activity in Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"116","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00347","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00347-18","article-title":"Novel approaches to kill Toxoplasma gondii by exploiting the uncontrolled uptake of unsaturated fatty acids and vulnerability to lipid storage inhibition of the parasite","volume":"62","author":"Nolan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017002050","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii reorganizes the host cell architecture during spontaneous cyst formation in vitro","volume":"145","author":"Paredes-Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00934","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00934-20","article-title":"Acquisition of host cytosolic protein by Toxoplasma gondii Bradyzoites","volume":"6","author":"Kannan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Msphere."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008432","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008432","article-title":"Dual metabolomic profiling uncovers Toxoplasma manipulation of the host metabolome and the discovery of a novel parasite metabolic capability","volume":"16","author":"Olson","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3623-4","article-title":"Metabolomic signature of mouse cerebral cortex following Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vect."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/2156587213488788","article-title":"The role of essential fatty acids in human health","volume":"18","author":"Glick","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2011.12.020","article-title":"Can the flow of medicines be improved? Fundamental pharmacokinetic and pharmacological principles toward improving Phase II survival","volume":"17","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1437023","article-title":"Polyphenols and bioavailability: an update","volume":"59","author":"Teng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90078-7","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis","volume":"96","author":"Bastien","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.04.010","article-title":"Artemisinin reduces the level of antibodies to gliadin in schizophrenia","volume":"129","author":"Dickerson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Res."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2014.02.016","article-title":"The effect of artemether on psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment in first-episode, antipsychotic drug-naive persons with schizophrenia seropositive to Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.827286\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T09:41:53Z","timestamp":1645782113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.827286\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"references-count":174,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2022.827286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.827286","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"article-number":"827286"}}