{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:29:43Z","timestamp":1779114583095,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low birthweight small-for-gestational-age (SGA-LBW) (birthweight below the 10th percentile for gestational age; SGA-LBW) infants are at an increased risk of poor postnatal growth outcomes. Linear growth trajectories of SGA-LBW infants are less studied in South Asian settings including India.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the linear growth trajectories of the SGA-LBW infants compared with appropriate-for-gestational-age LBW (AGA-LBW) infants during the first 6 months of life. In addition, we estimated catch-up growth (\u0394LAZ &amp;gt; 0.67) in SGA-LBW infants and their performance against the WHO linear growth velocity cut-offs. Additionally, we studied factors associated with poor catch-up growth in SGA-LBW infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data utilized came from an individually randomized controlled trial that included low birthweight (LBW) infants weighing 1,500\u20132,250 g at birth. A total of 8,360 LBW infants were included. For comparison between SGA-LBW and AGA-LBW infants, we presented unadjusted and adjusted estimates for mean differences (MDs) or risk ratios (<jats:italic>RR<\/jats:italic>s) for the outcomes of length, linear growth velocity, length for age <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>-score (LAZ) score, and stunting. We estimated the proportion of catch-up growth. Generalized linear models of the Poisson family with log links were used to identify factors associated with poor catch-up growth in SGA-LBW infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low birthweight small-for-gestational-age infants had a higher risk of stunting, lower attained length, and a lower LAZ score throughout the first 6 months of life compared with AGA-LBW infants, with differences being maximum at 28 days and minimum at 6 months of age. The linear growth velocity in SGA-LBW infants compared with AGA-LBW infants was significantly lower during the birth\u201328 day period [MD \u22120.19, 95% confidence interval (<jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>): \u22120.28 to \u22120.10] and higher during the 3- to 6-month period (MD 0.17, 95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>: 0.06\u20130.28). Among the SGA-LBW infants, 55% showed catch-up growth for length at 6 months of age. Lower wealth quintiles, high birth order, home birth, male child, term delivery, non-exclusive breastfeeding, and pneumonia were associated with the higher risk of poor catch-up in linear growth among SGA-LBW infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Small for gestational age (SGA) status at birth, independent of gestational age, is a determinant of poor postnatal linear growth. Promotion of institutional deliveries, exclusive breastfeeding, and prevention and early treatment of pneumonia may be helpful to improve linear growth in SGA-LBW infants during early infancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>[<jats:ext-link>https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/<\/jats:ext-link>], identifier [NCT02653534].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.827589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T16:48:35Z","timestamp":1653410915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Linear Growth Trajectories, Catch-up Growth, and Its Predictors Among North Indian Small-for-Gestational Age Low Birthweight Infants: A Secondary Data Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bireshwar","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tarun Shankar","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitika","family":"Nitika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarmila","family":"Mazumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunita","family":"Taneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nita","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.11112","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental delay in small babies at term: a systematic review.","volume":"40","author":"Arcangeli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13435","article-title":"Differential effect of intrauterine growth restriction on childhood neurodevelopment: a systematic review.","volume":"122","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905514Y.0000000158","article-title":"The stunting syndrome in developing countries.","volume":"34","author":"Prendergast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60555-2","article-title":"Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development.","volume":"378","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3677","article-title":"Estimates of burden and consequences of infants born small for gestational age in low and middle income countries with INTERGROWTH-21(st) standard: analysis of CHERG datasets.","volume":"358","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002164","article-title":"Risk factors for childhood stunting in 137 developing countries: a comparative risk assessment analysis at global, regional, and country levels.","volume":"13","author":"Danaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.01.040","article-title":"Small for gestational age: case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunisation safety data.","author":"Schlaudecker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy091","article-title":"Catch-up growth in full-term small for gestational age infants: a systematic review.","volume":"10","author":"Campisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa020","article-title":"Can children catch up from the consequences of undernourishment? 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