{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T16:17:08Z","timestamp":1780589828792,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolic disorders are prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may lead to protein energy wasting (PEW). Adipokines improve connections between PEW and energy metabolism. We aimed to determine the relationship between adipokine levels and resting energy expenditure (REE) in patients with CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 208 patients in non-dialyzed CKD stages 3\u20135 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Serum adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patient's REE was measured using indirect calorimetry. Fat mass (FM) and lean tissue mass (LTM) were measured using multiple-frequency bioimpedance analysis. Spearman correlation analyses and multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the association between serum adipokines and REE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age was 52.7 \u00b1 14.6 years, and 26.9, 26.4, and 46.7% of our participants had CKD stages 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The median values of serum adiponectin, leptin, and IL-6 were 470.4 (range, 291.1\u2013802.2), 238.1 (range, 187.9\u2013418.4), and 4.0 (range, 2.4\u20139.5) pg\/mL, respectively. The male participants had significantly lower FM% (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001) and lower leptin levels (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) than the female participants. After adjusting for age, diabetes, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, intact parathyroid hormone, LTM, and FM, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that serum leptin levels were significantly positively associated with REE in men rather than in women (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Serum adiponectin levels were inversely associated with REE in men, but this association disappeared while FM was additionally adjusted. Adiponectin levels in women were not correlated with REE (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05). IL-6 was not significantly associated with REE in either men or women.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sex-specific relationship between serum adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) and REE was observed in patients with CKD stages 3\u20135, which was partly confounded by FM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.828341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T05:33:18Z","timestamp":1647322398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association of Serum Adipokines and Resting Energy Expenditure in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nanzha","family":"Abi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhikai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000171","article-title":"Latest consensus and update on protein-energy wasting in chronic kidney disease","volume":"18","author":"Obi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.05.006","article-title":"KDOQI clinical practice guideline for nutrition in CKD: 2020 update","volume":"76","author":"Ikizler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.036418","article-title":"Management of protein-energy wasting in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease: reconciling low protein intake with nutritional therapy","volume":"97","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2018.04.002","article-title":"Is it important to prevent and treat protein-energy wasting in chronic kidney disease and chronic dialysis patients?","volume":"28","author":"Lodebo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.11.003","article-title":"An association of metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease from a 10-year prospective cohort study","volume":"67","author":"Huh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000144206.29951.B2","article-title":"Resting energy expenditure and subsequent mortality risk in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa431","article-title":"Novel equation for estimating resting energy expenditure in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"113","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0230-6","article-title":"The endocrine function of adipose tissues in health and cardiometabolic disease","volume":"15","author":"Scheja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-018-1924-9","article-title":"Circulating leptin levels predict the decline in renal function with age in a sample of adult men (The Olivetti Heart Study)","volume":"14","author":"D'Elia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62465-2","article-title":"High serum adiponectin as a biomarker of renal dysfunction: results from the KNOW-CKD study","volume":"10","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1208-6","article-title":"36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine : Brussels, Belgium","volume":"20","author":"Bateman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T63","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-14-0480","article-title":"20 years of leptin: human disorders of leptin action","volume":"223","author":"Farooqi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjw011","article-title":"Adiponectin, the past two decades","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Biol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.08.015","article-title":"Does circulating leptin play a role in energy expenditure?","volume":"60","author":"Bi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.16-1","article-title":"Energy metabolism and nutritional status in hospitalized patients with lung cancer","volume":"59","author":"Takemura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.4.3859","article-title":"The metabolic significance of leptin in humans: gender-based differences in relationship to adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and energy expenditure","volume":"82","author":"Kennedy","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.932306","article-title":"Circulatory and adipose tissue leptin and adiponectin in relationship to resting energy expenditure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"61","author":"Brusik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1420486","article-title":"Resting metabolic rate, body composition, and serum leptin concentrations in a free-living elderly population","volume":"142","author":"Neuhauser-Berthold","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25977","article-title":"Low-dose leptin reverses skeletal muscle, autonomic, and neuroendocrine adaptations to maintenance of reduced weight","volume":"115","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI35055","article-title":"Leptin reverses weight loss-induced changes in regional neural activity responses to visual food stimuli","volume":"118","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180125094921","article-title":"Preparation of potent leptin receptor antagonists and their therapeutic use in mouse models of uremic cachexia and kidney fibrosis","volume":"24","author":"Mak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des."},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"Targeted anti-interleukin-6 monoclonal antibody therapy for cancer: a review of the rationale and clinical evidence465365\n            TrikhaM\n            CorringhamR\n            KleinB\n            RossiJF\n          14581334Clin Cancer Res.92003"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-013-9302-8","article-title":"Leptin and adiponectin: emerging therapeutic targets in breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Surmacz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23090","article-title":"Resting energy expenditure: from cellular to whole-body level, a mechanistic historical perspective","volume":"29","author":"Heymsfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obesity."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz037","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the effects of age, sex and race on body composition in chronic kidney disease","volume":"35","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-14-8","article-title":"Gender differences in adiponectin levels and body composition in older adults: Hallym aging study","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1159\/000507355","article-title":"Energy metabolism and nutritional status in hospitalized patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"76","author":"Yasuhara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006040368","article-title":"Modified glomerular filtration rate estimating equation for Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.01.037","article-title":"Strong association between volume status and nutritional status in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"45","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J f Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004363","article-title":"New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism","volume":"109","author":"Weir","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60033-6","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"379","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002191","article-title":"Gender-specific association of adiponectin as a predictor of progression of chronic kidney disease: the Mild to Moderate Kidney Disease Study","volume":"71","author":"Kollerits","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R938","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00045.2016","article-title":"Role of leptin in energy expenditure: the hypothalamic perspective","volume":"312","author":"Pandit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI95476","article-title":"Metreleptin-mediated improvements in insulin sensitivity are independent of food intake in humans with lipodystrophy","volume":"128","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081954","article-title":"A Leptin receptor antagonist attenuates adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in infantile nephropathic cystinosis-associated cachexia","volume":"10","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03004-9","article-title":"A novel leptin receptor antagonist uncouples leptin's metabolic and immune functions","volume":"76","author":"Zabeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249375","article-title":"Adiponectin in chronic kidney disease","volume":"21","author":"Przybycinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.06.003","article-title":"Adiponectin stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase in the hypothalamus and increases food intake","volume":"6","author":"Kubota","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2017.1379492","article-title":"Association between uncoupling protein 2, adiponectin and resting energy expenditure in obese women with normal and low resting energy expenditure","volume":"34","author":"Taghadomi Masoumi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12152","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M311113200","article-title":"Complex distribution, not absolute amount of adiponectin, correlates with thiazolidinedione-mediated improvement in insulin sensitivity","volume":"279","author":"Pajvani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00031.2020","article-title":"Adiponectin synthesis, secretion and extravasation from circulation to interstitial space","volume":"36","author":"da Silva Rosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiology."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4041","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI129193","article-title":"Interorgan communication by exosomes, adipose tissue, and adiponectin in metabolic syndrome","volume":"129","author":"Kita","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-1339","article-title":"Gonadal hormones determine sensitivity to central leptin and insulin","volume":"55","author":"Clegg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.04.001","article-title":"Androgen (dihydrotestosterone)-mediated regulation of food intake and obesity in female mice","volume":"138","author":"Kanaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18073","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M414231200","article-title":"Testosterone selectively reduces the high molecular weight form of adiponectin by inhibiting its secretion from adipocytes","volume":"280","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23035","article-title":"Leptin and adiponectin concentrations independently predict future accumulation of visceral fat in nondiabetic Japanese Americans","volume":"29","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obesity."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2017.00177","article-title":"Associations of adiponectin, leptin levels, and the change of body composition in patients on peritoneal dialysis: a prospective cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.53.529","article-title":"Relationship between blood adipocytokines and resting energy expenditure in young and elderly women","volume":"53","author":"Usui","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.4.801","article-title":"Inflammation is associated with increased energy expenditure in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"82","author":"Utaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2004.08.023","article-title":"Resting energy expenditure of chronic kidney disease patients: influence of renal function and subclinical inflammation","volume":"44","author":"Avesani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602516","article-title":"Resting energy expenditure and its determinants in hemodialysis patients","volume":"61","author":"Kamimura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl705","article-title":"Serum and cellular interleukin-6 in haemodialysis patients: relationship with energy expenditure","volume":"22","author":"Kamimura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.14-95","article-title":"Comparison of energy metabolism and nutritional status of hospitalized patients with Crohn's disease and those with ulcerative colitis","volume":"56","author":"Takaoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.828341\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T05:33:22Z","timestamp":1647322402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.828341\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2022.828341"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.828341","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1208032\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"article-number":"828341"}}