{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T23:12:32Z","timestamp":1780701152914,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mediterranean Diet management for people with cardiovascular disease (CVD) or CVD risk is supported by evidence. However, there is no valid Chinese language instrument for the measurement of adherence to this diet. The objective of this study was to generate a Chinese version of the Mediterranean Diet Scale (MDS-Chinese) and to validate a self-administered version with Chinese participants with CVD or CVD risk. The MDS-Chinese was created by translation and cultural adaptation and tested for psychometric properties. A panel of 10 experts in the field, who evaluated the MDS-Chinese content, showed that the content validity index ranged from 0.88 to 1.00. Sixteen native Chinese speakers with CVD or CVD risk evaluated the clarity of the MDS-Chinese, and the resulting instruction and items clarity scores ranged from 9.2 to 10.0. A total of 326 participants completed the MDS-Chinese and a Chinese version of the Coronary Artery Disease Education Questionnaire\u2013Short Version (CADE-Q SV). Analysis indicated that the MDS-Chinese has 4 factors, and the Pearson's correlation between the MDS-Chinese and CADE-Q SV was 0.73. Fifty randomly selected participants completed the MDS-Chinese again with a 1-week interval to assess reliability. Internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach's \u03b1 was 0.62) and the inter-class correlation reliability coefficients (ICC) for each item ranged from 0.73 to 0.88. This study showed that the MDS-Chinese has acceptable reliability and validity for use among those in the Chinese population with CVD or CVD risk. Given that diet is one of the key secondary prevention strategies for management in cardiac rehabilitation, the MDS-Chinese instrument may be a useful and convenient tool for use with those in the Chinese population with CVD or with high risk of CVD, to monitor the level of Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence, information which is important for clinical practice. In addition, the establishment of the MDS-Chinese gives a fundamental tool for diet-related CVD research in the Chinese population. Moreover, employment of the MDS-Chinese in the Chinese community may improve awareness of the importance of a healthy diet in CVD prevention and management.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold><jats:ext-link>http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/enIndex.aspx<\/jats:ext-link>, identifier: ChiCTR2000032810.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.831109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T01:06:40Z","timestamp":1648602400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Translation, Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity Testing of a Chinese Version of the Self-Administered Mediterranean Diet Scale"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huirong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doa","family":"El-Ansary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.052","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases for 10 causes, 1990 to 2015","volume":"70","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1007-5062.2021.09.001","article-title":"Report on Cardiovascular Health and Diseases Burden in China: an Updated Summary of 2020","volume":"36","author":"Shengshou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Circ J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2458","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e318235eb4d","article-title":"AHA\/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients with Coronary and other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation","volume":"124","author":"Smith SC","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.05.004","article-title":"Portfolio dietary pattern and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials","volume":"61","author":"Chiavaroli","year":"","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.189407","article-title":"Higher diet quality is associated with decreased risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality among older adults","volume":"144","author":"Reedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.08.024","article-title":"Diet quality as assessed by the healthy eating index, alternate healthy eating index, dietary approaches to stop hypertension score, and health outcomes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"118","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1804-0","article-title":"The effect of healthy Nordic diet on cardio-metabolic markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials","volume":"58","author":"Ramezani-Jolfaie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101043440101","article-title":"Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. 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