{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T23:53:12Z","timestamp":1791503592543,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gut microbiota-based therapeutic strategies, such as probiotic and prebiotic preparations, may benefit mental health. However, commonly consumed fermented and prebiotic-containing foods have not been well-tested. The aim of the present study was to determine whether consumption of fermented food and food-derived prebiotics is associated with cognitive performance, depressive, and anxiety symptoms in psychiatrically healthy medical students under psychological stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study protocol with data analysis plan was prospectively registered. Food consumption was evaluated with a 7-day dietary record. Cognitive performance was modeled with academic examination performance in relation to subject knowledge. Pre-exam depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 372 medical students (22.7 \u00b1 1.1 years of age, 66% female) completed the study. No relationship was observed between cognitive performance under stress and either fermented food (adjusted \u03b2 0.02, 95% CI \u22120.07\u20130.11,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.63) or food-derived prebiotics consumption (adjusted \u03b2 \u22120.00, 95% CI \u22120.09\u20130.09,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.99). High intake of fermented food was associated with more severe depressive (adjusted \u03b2 0.11, 95% CI 0.01\u20130.20,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.032) and anxiety symptoms under stress (adjusted \u03b2 0.13, 95% CI 0.04\u20130.22,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0065); however, no such link was observed for food-derived prebiotics (adjusted \u03b2 0.03, 95% CI \u22120.07\u20130.13,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.50 and \u22120.01, 95% CI \u22120.11\u20130.08,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.83, for depression and anxiety, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Under psychological stress in medical students, consumption of fermented food and food-derived prebiotics appears to be not associated with cognitive performance. High intake of fermented food, but not food-derived prebiotics, may be associated with severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms. The safety of fermented food in this regard therefore requires further clarification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.850249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T09:45:35Z","timestamp":1646300735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Association Between Consumption of Fermented Food and Food-Derived Prebiotics With Cognitive Performance, Depressive, and Anxiety Symptoms in Psychiatrically Healthy Medical Students Under Psychological Stress: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Micha\u0142 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