{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T04:53:32Z","timestamp":1767156812544,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many different strategies have been used to fight against the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic as a therapeutics or prophylaxis approaches. However, not enough attention has been paid to general and specific immune factors and nutritional components found in hyper-immunized dairy products. Hyper-immune bovine colostrum (HBC) has been used against many different respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts infections during past decades. An isolated dairy farm was established, and nine mixed Holstein X Simmental dairy cattle in their 6\u20137 months of gestation period were chosen for hyper-immunization with inactivated Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). For this, six cows were inoculated with 2 ml of 10<jats:sup>9.4<\/jats:sup>\/ml (TCID<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) of the virus. As a control group, three cows were inoculated with the carrier without virus. Specific IgG level against the SARS-CoV-2 was measured before and after immunization in the sera, and in the colostrum and milk following parturition in hyper-immunized cows using indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Neutralizing antibodies in the serum and colostrum was measured by a quantitative ELISA. The safety of the product was determined in40 healthy volunteers aged between 18\u201365 years old (13 females and 27 males) in the phase 1 clinical trial (<jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.irct.ir\/trial\/51259<\/jats:ext-link>). No adverse effects were observed in the experimental cows. A very high level of IgG was observed in the first colostrum that sharply decreased in the following 7 days in the milk. The titer of specific neutralizing antibody in the colostrum samples was 69 times higher than the sera. No adverse effects and clinical complications were reported by the authorized ethics committee, and an official certificate on the safety of the product was issued. Beside other strategies, this approach could be used for large-scale and low-cost production of immune components to be used as a nutritional supplement to confront current SARS-CoV-2 and future pandemics.<\/jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>[<jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.irct.ir\/trial\/51259<\/jats:ext-link>].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.868964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T12:58:44Z","timestamp":1655816324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Hyper-Immune Bovine Milk as an Immunological and Nutritional Supplement for COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hassan","family":"Nili","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Bouzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid Reza","family":"Attaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nader","family":"Ghalegolab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Rabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mahmoudian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072272","article-title":"Could Intravenous immunoglobulin collected from recovered coronavirus patients protect against COVID-19 and strengthen the immune system of new patients?","volume":"21","author":"Jawhara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1746199","article-title":"Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection-a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia.","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microb Infect."},{"key":"B3","article-title":"An increasing risk of family violence during the covid-19 pandemic: strengthening community collaborations to save lives.","volume":"2","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Rep."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.02.034","article-title":"World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19).","volume":"76","author":"Sohrabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95565-8","article-title":"More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"11","author":"Lopez-Leon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2019.100325","article-title":"Animal source foods: sustainability problem or malnutrition and sustainability solution? 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