{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:21:24Z","timestamp":1792592484537,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011093","name":"University of Phayao","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FF65-UoE005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF65-UoE005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review and network meta-analysis was primarily conducted to compare the effects of synbiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics on aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Moreover, their effects on body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) were investigated and analyzed as secondary outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The randomized controlled trials (RCTs), limited to the English language, were searched through PubMed, the Web of Science, Embase, CLINAHL Plus, and the Cochrane Library from inception to February 2, 2022. The eligible studies were reviewed and their risk-of-bias and heterogeneity were assessed. Both direct and indirect evidence were assembled using a random-effects model. The effects of the intervention were presented as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 3,864 identified records, a total of 1,389 patients with NAFLD from 26 RCTs were included in the analyses. Among these, 241 were diagnosed with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The quality assessment reported a moderate risk of bias from most studies. Among adult patients with NAFLD, when compared with placebo, synbiotics provided the largest effect on reductions of AST (\u221212.71 IU\/L; 95% CI: \u221216.95, \u22128.47), WC (\u22122.26 cm; 95% CI: \u22122.98, \u22121.54), total cholesterol (\u221222.23 mg\/dl; 95% CI: \u221229.55, \u221214.90), low-density lipoproteins (\u221217.72 mg\/dl; 95% CI: \u221225.23, \u221210.22), and FBS (\u22126.75 mg\/dl; 95% CI: \u221210.67, \u22122.84). Probiotics lowered ALT (\u221214.46 IU\/L; 95% CI: \u221221.33, \u22127.59) and triglycerides (\u221220.97 mg\/dl; 95% CI: \u221240.42, \u22121.53) the most. None had significant impact on BMI, high-density lipoproteins, and HOMA-IR changes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Synbiotics and probiotics are likely to be the most potential effective treatments for AST and ALT reduction in adult patients with NAFLD, respectively. Although liver enzymes cannot exactly define the severity of NAFLD, unlike the results from biopsy or imaging tests, they are important indicators that can monitor the status of the disease and provide benefits for clinical management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>[<jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_reco rd.php?ID<\/jats:ext-link>], identifier [CRD42020200301].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.880014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T21:51:20Z","timestamp":1653169880000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Effects of Synbiotics, Probiotics, and Prebiotics on Liver Enzymes of Patients With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sukrit","family":"Kanchanasurakit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chayanis","family":"Kositamongkol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamonnat","family":"Lanoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monnaree","family":"Nunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaksaporn","family":"Saetuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathorn","family":"Chaiyakunapruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surasak","family":"Saokaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pochamana","family":"Phisalprapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes.","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2021.100346","article-title":"New targets for NAFLD.","volume":"3","author":"Parlati","year":"2021","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.11.004","article-title":"EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.","volume":"64","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118924938.ch1","author":"Byrne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Assessment and Management"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29367","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the american association for the study of liver diseases.","volume":"67","author":"Chalasani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B6","year":"2016","journal-title":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidance. 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