{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T16:24:38Z","timestamp":1782059078758,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing demand for medical cannabis urges the development of new and effective methods for the extraction of phytocannabinoids. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an alternative to the use of hazardous organic solvents typically used in the industry. In this study, hydrophilic and hydrophobic DESs were developed based on terpenes, sugars, and natural organic acids as green extraction media for the extraction of cannabis bioactive compounds. The factors influencing the extraction of bioactive components, such as the type of DESs and extraction time, were investigated. Initial screening in hemp showed that the DES composed of Men: Lau (a 2:1-M ratio) had a greater extraction efficiency of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) (11.07 \u00b1 0.37 mg\/g) of all the tested DESs and higher than ethanol. Besides having a higher or equivalent extraction yield as the organic solvents tested, DESs showed to be more selective, extracting fewer impurities, such as chlorophyll and waxes. These results, coupled with the non-toxic, biodegradable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly characteristics of DESs, provide strong evidence that DESs represent a better alternative to organic solvents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.892314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T06:11:50Z","timestamp":1651471910000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Extraction of Bioactive Compounds From Cannabis sativa L. Flowers and\/or Leaves Using Deep Eutectic Solvents"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Tiago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana A.","family":"Matias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita C.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00019","article-title":"Cannabis sativa: the plant of the thousand and one molecules.","volume":"7","author":"Andre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2020.22.3\/MCROCQ","article-title":"History of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system.","volume":"22","author":"Crocq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/GB-2011-12-10-R102","article-title":"The draft genome and transcriptome of Cannabis sativa.","volume":"12","author":"van Bakel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462006000200015","article-title":"History of cannabis as a medicine: a review.","volume":"28","author":"Zuardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21737-2_8","article-title":"Pharmacology of Medical Cannabis.","volume":"1162","author":"Amin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3897\/PHYTOKEYS.144.46700","article-title":"A classification of endangered high-THC cannabis (Cannabis sativa subsp. indica) domesticates and their wild relatives.","volume":"144","author":"McPartland","year":"2020","journal-title":"PhytoKeys."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30770\/2572-1852-104.4.32","article-title":"The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: the current state of evidence and recommendations for research.","volume":"104","author":"Groce","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Regul."},{"key":"B8","author":"Klimkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125312457586","article-title":"Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals.","volume":"2","author":"Atakan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Therapeutic Adv Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2017.19.3\/glafaye","article-title":"Cannabis, cannabinoids, and health.","volume":"19","author":"Lafaye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.05.005","article-title":"Phytocannabinoids: origins and biosynthesis.","volume":"25","author":"G\u00fclck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1039\/D0OB00464B","article-title":"Synthetic pathways to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): an overview.","volume":"18","author":"Bloemendal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Organic Biomol Chem."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.110957","article-title":"Green extraction of cannabidiol from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) using deep eutectic solvents coupled with further enrichment and recovery by macroporous resin.","volume":"287","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Liquids."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66119-1","article-title":"Utilisation of design of experiments approach to optimise supercritical fluid extraction of medicinal cannabis.","volume":"10","author":"Rochfort","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8615","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms13078615","article-title":"Green extraction of natural products: concept and principles.","volume":"13","author":"Chemat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2020.1735414","article-title":"Deep eutectic solvents for pharmaceutical formulation and drug delivery applications.","volume":"25","author":"Emami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutical Dev Technol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7108","DOI":"10.1039\/C2CS35178A","article-title":"Deep eutectic solvents: syntheses, properties and applications.","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.05.080","article-title":"Menthol-based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents: towards greener and efficient extraction of phytocannabinoids.","volume":"193","author":"K\u00f8\u00ed\u017eek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cleaner Product."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.7b00945","article-title":"Natural deep eutectic solvents: properties, applications, and perspectives.","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Natural Prod."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24224012","article-title":"Deep eutectic solvents for pretreatment, extraction, and catalysis of biomass and food waste.","volume":"24","author":"Kalhor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FOODCHEM.2019.05.003","article-title":"Optimizing the ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of flavonoids in common buckwheat sprouts.","volume":"293","author":"Mansur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/MOLECULES26072079","article-title":"Natural deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of bioactive steroidal saponins from dioscoreae nipponicae rhizoma.","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)."},{"key":"B23","article-title":"Growing Analytical Solutions for Cannabis Testing Innovative Products and Expertise for Accurate and Reliable Results","year":"2020"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142913.FAI0101S06","article-title":"Determination of total phenolics.","volume":"6","author":"Waterhouse","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Prot Food Anal Chem."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/J.FOODCHEM.2014.11.152","article-title":"Influence of deficit irrigation timing on the fruit quality of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Mac.).","volume":"175","author":"Navarro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"9","author":"Stenerson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Headspace SPME-GC\/MS Analysis of Terpenes in Hops and Cannabis. Analytix Reporter."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1104\/PP.24.1.1","article-title":"Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in beta vulgaris.","volume":"24","author":"Arnon","year":"1949","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1007\/S10570-019-02322-2\/TABLES\/5","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of physicochemical properties and application of novel ternary deep eutectic solvents.","volume":"26","author":"Jablonsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cellulose."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1021\/ACS.JCED.7B00039\/SUPPL_FILE\/JE7B00039_SI_001.PDF","article-title":"Density, viscosity, and structure of equilibrium solvent phases in butyric acid extraction by phosphonium ionic liquid.","volume":"62","author":"Mart\u00e1k","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Chem Eng Data."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3311\/PPCH.12896","article-title":"Cannabinoids enriched extracts from industrial hemp residues.","volume":"63","author":"V\u00e1gi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Period Polytech Chem Eng."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.INDCROP.2019.112049","article-title":"Deep eutectic solvents applied in the extraction and stabilization of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) phenolic compounds.","volume":"144","author":"Barbieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Industrial Crops Prod."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245792","article-title":"The cannabis terpenes.","volume":"25","author":"Sommano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/PP.112.198473","article-title":"Composition and physiological function of the wax layers coating arabidopsis leaves: \u03b2-Amyrin negatively affects the intracuticular water barrier.","volume":"160","author":"Buschhaus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3109\/19390211.2013.859853","article-title":"An evidence-based systematic review of chlorophyll by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration.","volume":"11","author":"Ulbricht","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dietary Suppl."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00031869","article-title":"Extraction of chlorophyll a from freshwater phytoplankton for spectrophotometric analysis.","volume":"114","author":"Sartory","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(13)60007-6","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of different parts of Lantana camara.","volume":"2","author":"Mahdi-Pour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J Tropical Biomed."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5319","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712803833335","article-title":"Terpene compounds in nature: a review of their potential antioxidant activity.","volume":"19","author":"Gonzalez-Burgos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJPHARM.2020.119812","article-title":"Cannabidiol aqueous solubility enhancement: comparison of three amorphous formulations strategies using different type of polymers.","volume":"589","author":"Koch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Pharmaceutics."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/MOLECULES23102478","article-title":"Cannabinoid delivery systems for pain and inflammation treatment.","volume":"23","author":"Bruni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol? J Synthetic Chem Natural Prod Chem."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.892314\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T06:11:53Z","timestamp":1651471913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.892314\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2022.892314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.892314","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"article-number":"892314"}}