{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:11:38Z","timestamp":1790025098540,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) places a heavy medical burden on countries and families due to repeated and prolonged attacks, and the incidence and prevalence of IBD are increasing worldwide. Therefore, finding an effective treatment is a matter of great urgency. Glycerol monolaurate (GML), which has a twelve-carbon chain, is a compound naturally found in human breast milk. Some studies have shown that GML has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the specific mechanism of action remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute colitis was established in mice using 3% DSS, and glycerol monolaurate (500 mg\u00b7kg\u2212<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>) was administered for two weeks. QPCR and western blotting were performed to examine the inflammatory status. Mice described were subjected to flow cytometry analysis for immune cell activation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>GML treated alleviated macroscopic symptoms such as shortened colons, increased spleen weight, and caused weight loss in mice with DSS-induced colitis. In addition, GML decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (NF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2 and IL-1\u03b1) and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2). GML inhibited the activation of the MAPK and NF-\u03baB signalling pathways, improved tissue damage, and increased the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins. In addition, LPMCs extracted from intestinal tissue via flow cytometry showed that GML treatment led to a decrease of Th17 cells, Neutrophils and Macrophages. 16S rDNA sequencing showed that GML increased the abundance of commensal bacterium such as Akkermansia and Lactobacillus murinus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We showed that oral administration of GML ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting infiltration of Th17 cells, Neutrophils, and Macrophages, protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier and altered the abundance of commensal bacterium. This study provides new insights into the biological function and therapeutic potential of GML in the treatment of IBD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.911315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T07:33:23Z","timestamp":1660289603000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Glycerol monolaurate ameliorates DSS-induced acute colitis by inhibiting infiltration of Th17, neutrophils, macrophages and altering the gut microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ke-Jie","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Hui","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Mei","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-Ni","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Shen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyu","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Lin","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bayasi","family":"Guleng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.06.001","article-title":"Defining disease severity in inflammatory bowel diseases: current and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Peyrin-Biroulet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.10.001","article-title":"Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review","volume":"142","author":"Molodecky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz104","article-title":"The cost of inflammatory bowel disease: an initiative from the Crohn's & Colitis Foundation","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2020"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.11.003","article-title":"The microbiome and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"145","author":"Glassner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.20110063","article-title":"Role of nutrition and microbiota in susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"56","author":"Gentschew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071532","article-title":"A personalised dietary approach-a way forward to manage nutrient deficiency, effects of the western diet, and food intolerances in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Laing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.08.036","article-title":"Protective effect of taurohyodeoxycholic acid from Pulvis Fellis Suis on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid induced ulcerative colitis in mice","volume":"670","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"63","article-title":"The future of IBD treatment","volume":"38","author":"Podolsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691480","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.691480","article-title":"Glucocorticoid therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: mechanisms and clinical practice","volume":"12","author":"Bruscoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20171110","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases: new insights into complex disease","volume":"132","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51130-y","article-title":"Glycerol monolaurate contributes to the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of human milk","volume":"9","author":"Schlievert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030870","article-title":"In the age of viral pandemic, can ingredients inspired by human milk and infant nutrition be repurposed to support the immune system?","volume":"13","author":"Brink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1159\/000501280","article-title":"Topical coconut oil contributes to systemic monolaurin levels in very preterm infants","volume":"116","author":"Strunk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2012.0066","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo effects of two coconut oils in comparison to monolaurin on Staphylococcus aureus: rodent studies","volume":"16","author":"Manohar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Food."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.003","article-title":"The formation and in vitro enzymatic digestibility of starch-lipid complexes in steamed bread free from and supplemented with different fatty acids: effect on textural and retrogradation properties during storage","volume":"166","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-1605(97)00134-7","article-title":"Interaction of monolaurin, eugenol and sodium citrate on growth of common meat spoilage and pathogenic organisms","volume":"39","author":"Blaszyk","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130749","article-title":"Integrated metabolomic and gene expression analyses to study the effects of glycerol monolaurate on flesh quality in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)","volume":"367","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03183-x","article-title":"In vivo antiviral effect of plant essential oils against avian infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00517-3","article-title":"Inhibition of African swine fever virus in liquid and feed by medium-chain fatty acids and glycerol monolaurate","volume":"11","author":"Jackman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8943","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88584-y","article-title":"Suppression of human T cell activation by derivatives of glycerol monolaurate","volume":"11","author":"Fosdick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00497-4","article-title":"Development of an in vitro macrophage screening system on the immunomodulating effects of feed components","volume":"11","author":"Sivinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109150","article-title":"Bactericidal effect of glycerol monolaurate complex disinfectants on Salmonella of chicken","volume":"345","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4155","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c01414","article-title":"A combination of formic acid and monolaurin attenuates enterotoxigenic escherichia coli induced intestinal inflammation in piglets by inhibiting the NF-\u03baB\/MAPK pathways with modulation of gut microbiota","volume":"68","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Agri Food Chem."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5660","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11220","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of fast dissolving glycerol monolaurate microemulsion encapsulated gelatin nanofibers with antimicrobial activity","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agri."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-19-259","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial activities and mechanisms of action of fatty acid monoglycerides against four foodborne bacteria","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Food Prot."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00552","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00552-20","article-title":"Decolonization of human anterior nares of staphylococcus aureus with use of a glycerol monolaurate nonaqueous gel","volume":"5","author":"Schlievert","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2018.11.018","article-title":"Antimicrobial synergy of monolaurin lipid nanocapsules with adsorbed antimicrobial peptides against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in vitro is absent in vivo","volume":"293","author":"Rozenbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Control Release."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000589","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis: past, present, and future","volume":"31","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01151-09","article-title":"Glycerol monolaurate inhibits Candida and Gardnerella vaginalis in vitro and in vivo but not Lactobacillus","volume":"54","author":"Strandberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4448","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00989-08","article-title":"Glycerol monolaurate does not alter rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) vaginal lactobacilli and is safe for chronic use","volume":"52","author":"Schlievert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05861-11","article-title":"The natural antimicrobial peptide subtilosin acts synergistically with glycerol monolaurate, lauric arginate, and \u03b5-poly-L-lysine against bacterial vaginosis-associated pathogens but not human lactobacilli","volume":"56","author":"Noll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00686","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00686-20","article-title":"Glycerol monolaurate, an analogue to a factor secreted by Lactobacillus, Is virucidal against enveloped viruses, including HIV-1","volume":"11","author":"Welch","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104557","article-title":"Virgin coconut oil is effective in lowering C-reactive protein levels among suspect and probable cases of COVID-19","volume":"83","author":"Angeles-Agdeppa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Funct Foods."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07831","article-title":"Glycerol monolaurate prevents mucosal SIV transmission","volume":"458","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00190","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00190-20","article-title":"Modulation of the gut microbiota during high-dose glycerol monolaurate-mediated amelioration of obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1801417","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201801417","article-title":"Glycerol-monolaurate-mediated attenuation of metabolic syndrome is associated with the modulation of gut microbiota in high-fat-diet-fed mice","volume":"63","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11091981","article-title":"High-dose glycerol monolaurate up-regulated beneficial indigenous microbiota without inducing metabolic dysfunction and systemic inflammation: new insights into its antimicrobial potential","volume":"11","author":"Mo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700547","article-title":"Antimicrobial emulsifier-glycerol monolaurate induces metabolic syndrome, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and systemic low-grade inflammation in low-fat diet fed mice","volume":"62","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"238","article-title":"Clinicopathologic study of dextran sulfate sodium experimental murine colitis","volume":"69","author":"Cooper","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lab Invest."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00009","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00009-15","article-title":"Improved bacterial 16S rRNA Gene (V4 and V4-5) and fungal internal transcribed spacer marker gene primers for microbial community surveys","volume":"1","author":"Walters","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2676","article-title":"Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities using 16S rRNA marker gene sequences","volume":"31","author":"Langille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00268","article-title":"Combined signature of the fecal microbiome and metabolome in patients with gout","volume":"8","author":"Shao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20079","article-title":"Comparative analysis of colonic gene expression of three experimental colitis models mimicking inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"te Velde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.137","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of phytosteryl ferulates in colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium in mice","volume":"154","author":"Islam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4972","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094972","article-title":"IL-10 in mast cell-mediated immune responses: anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory roles","volume":"22","author":"Nagata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052719","article-title":"The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) in autoimmune disease and current TNF-\u03b1 inhibitors in therapeutics","volume":"22","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00473-x","article-title":"New insights into IL-6 family cytokines in metabolism, hepatology and gastroenterology","volume":"18","author":"Giraldez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923910","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2021","article-title":"Cldn-7 deficiency promotes experimental colitis and associated carcinogenesis by regulating intestinal epithelial integrity","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.06.001","article-title":"Epithelial wound healing in inflammatory bowel diseases: the next therapeutic frontier","volume":"236","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21502","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002086RR","article-title":"Tetrandrine attenuates intestinal epithelial barrier defects caused by colitis through promoting the expression of Occludin via the AhR-miR-429 pathway","volume":"35","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598322","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.598322","article-title":"Olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorate experimental colitis via modulating Th1\/Th17 and treg cell responses","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa121","article-title":"Retinoic acid is elevated in the mucosa of patients with active ulcerative colitis and displays a proinflammatory role by augmenting IL-17 and IFN\u03b3 production","volume":"27","author":"Rampal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01177","article-title":"Differential pathogenic Th17 profile in mesenteric lymph nodes of crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients","volume":"10","author":"Bsat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4682","DOI":"10.1039\/c9fo02917f","article-title":"Akebia trifoliata pericarp extract ameliorates inflammation through NF-\u03baB\/MAPK signaling pathways and modifies gut microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020364","article-title":"Dermatological manifestations in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"10","author":"Antonelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1039\/d0fo00950d","article-title":"Sesamin protects against DSS-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting NF-\u03baB and MAPK signaling pathways","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.248","article-title":"Prebiotics effects in vitro of polysaccharides from tea flowers on gut microbiota of healthy persons and patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"158","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.152","article-title":"The gut microbiota in IBD","volume":"9","author":"Manichanh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02247","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Therapeutics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"9","author":"Zuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B61","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Dysbiosis as a prerequisite for IBD","volume":"53","author":"Tamboli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17004","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2017.4","article-title":"Dynamics of the human gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2","author":"Halfvarson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13419","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13419","article-title":"Altered intestinal microbiota-host mitochondria crosstalk in new onset Crohn's disease","volume":"7","author":"Mottawea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102283","article-title":"Gut microbiome changes in patients with active left-sided ulcerative colitis after fecal microbiome transplantation and topical 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy","volume":"9","author":"Schierov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14750","article-title":"Pros and cons: Is faecal microbiota transplantation a safe and efficient treatment option for gut dysbiosis?","volume":"76","author":"Marrs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxab038","article-title":"Towards the development of defined microbial therapeutics","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.09.038","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation is highly effective in real-world practice: initial results from the FMT national registry","volume":"160","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13133178","article-title":"Probiotics: a promising candidate for management of colorectal cancer","volume":"13","author":"Tripathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01390-x","article-title":"Self-tunable engineered yeast probiotics for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"27","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11374","article-title":"Homeostasis effects of fermented Maillard reaction products by Lactobacillus gasseri 4M13 in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice","volume":"102","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agri."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112466","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"10","author":"Akutko","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320105","article-title":"A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurised bacterium blunts colitis associated tumourigenesis by modulation of CD8(+) T cells in mice","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02259","article-title":"Administration of akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice","volume":"10","author":"Bian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00478","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00478-21","article-title":"Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity among Human Isolates of Akkermansia muciniphila","volume":"12","author":"Becken","year":"2021","journal-title":"mBio"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.911315\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T07:33:28Z","timestamp":1660289608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.911315\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2022.911315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.911315","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]]},"article-number":"911315"}}