{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T21:13:13Z","timestamp":1778793193083,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the risk of vitamin D deficiency in a relatively healthy Asian population, with (i) metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW) (homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] &amp;lt; 2. 5 without metabolic syndrome [MS], body mass index [BMI] &amp;lt; 25), (ii) metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) (HOMA-IR &amp;lt; 2.5, without MS, BMI \u2265 25), (iii) metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) (HOMA-IR \u2265 2.5, or with MS, BMI &amp;lt; 25), and (iv) metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) (HOMA-IR \u2265 2.5, or with MS, BMI \u2265 25) stratified by age and sex. This cross-sectional study involved 6,655 participants aged \u2265 18 years who underwent health checkups between 2013 and 2016 at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. Cardiometabolic and inflammatory markers including anthropometric variables, glycemic indices, lipid profiles, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels, were retrospectively investigated. Compared to the MHNW group, the MHO group showed a higher odds ratio (OR) [1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05\u20131.73] for vitamin D deficiency in men aged &amp;lt; 50 years. By contrast, in men aged &amp;gt; 50 years, the risk of vitamin D deficiency was higher in the MUO group (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.05\u20131.97). Among women aged &amp;lt; and \u2265 50 years, the MUO group demonstrated the highest risk for vitamin D deficiency, OR 2.33 vs. 1.54, respectively. Our study revealed that in women of all ages and men aged &amp;gt; 50 years, MUO is associated with vitamin D deficiency and elevated levels of metabolic biomarkers. Among men aged &amp;lt; 50 years, MHO had the highest OR for vitamin D deficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.940183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T04:59:55Z","timestamp":1658984395000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association between metabolic body composition status and vitamin D deficiency: A cross-sectional 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