{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:55:25Z","timestamp":1791849325139,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":221,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer is a severe condition characterized by uncontrolled cell division and increasing reported mortality and diagnostic cases. In 2040, an estimated 28.4 million cancer cases are expected to happen globally. In 2020, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) had been diagnosed worldwide, with around 10.0 million cancer deaths. Breast cancer cases have increased by 2.26 million, lung cancer by 2.21 million, stomach by 1.089 million, liver by 0.96 million, and colon cancer by 1.93 million. Cancer is becoming more prevalent in Pakistan, with 19 million new cancer cases recorded in 2020. Food adulteration, gutkha, paan, and nutritional deficiencies are major cancer risk factors that interplay with cancer pathogenesis in this country. Government policies and legislation, cancer treatment challenges, and prevention must be revised seriously. This review presents the current cancer epidemiology in Pakistan to better understand cancer basis. It summarizes current cancer risk factors, causes, and the strategies and policies of the country against cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.940514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T15:37:34Z","timestamp":1658504254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["The Burden of Cancer, Government Strategic Policies, and Challenges in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Anwar","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Faisal","family":"Manzoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazir","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana Muhammad","family":"Aadil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabia","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakhawat","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arslan","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameh A.","family":"Korma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waseem","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Aizhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15761\/ICST.1000228","article-title":"BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and treatment strategies for breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Godet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Integr Cancer Sci Ther."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2005.10.001","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer","volume":"20","author":"Lowenfels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.012","article-title":"Human health effects of air pollution","volume":"151","author":"Kampa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.20786","article-title":"Epidemiology and potential mechanisms of tobacco smoking and heavy alcohol consumption in pancreatic cancer","volume":"51","author":"Duell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Carcinog."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/00002820-200609000-00001","article-title":"Cancer treatment, symptom monitoring, and self-care in adults: pilot study","volume":"29","author":"Williams","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Nurs."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2021.1991317","article-title":"Novel therapeutic drug strategies to tackle immune-oncological challenges faced by cancer patients during COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31827e95b9","article-title":"Adult cancers near high-voltage overhead power lines","volume":"24","author":"Elliott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.7764","article-title":"Risk, risk factors, and surveillance of subsequent malignant neoplasms in survivors of childhood cancer: a review","volume":"36","author":"Turcotte","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21782","DOI":"10.3402\/ljm.v8i0.21782","article-title":"Oral cancer in the UAE: a multicenter, retrospective study","volume":"8","author":"Anis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Libyan J Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.11.003","article-title":"The EUROCARE-4 database on cancer survival in Europe: data standardisation, quality control and methods of statistical analysis","volume":"45","author":"De Angelis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07393.x","article-title":"Adolescent non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma: state of the science","volume":"144","author":"Hochberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Haematol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-15-0578","article-title":"Global cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends-an update","volume":"25","author":"Torre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Prevent Biomark."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1159\/000452869","article-title":"case series of anal carcinoma misdiagnosed as idiopathic chronic anal fissure","volume":"24","author":"Barbeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"GE-Portug J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2015.02.006","article-title":"Sustained proliferation in cancer: mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets","volume":"35","author":"Feitelson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1675","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.20","article-title":"How cell death shapes cancer","volume":"6","author":"Labi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050497","article-title":"The plasminogen activation system in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis","volume":"57","author":"Egelund","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(05)81019-0","article-title":"Relationship of oxygen dose to angiogenesis induction in irradiated tissue","volume":"160","author":"Marx","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Surg."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.21820\/23987073.2017.4.32","article-title":"World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF)","volume":"2017","author":"Gentry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Impact."},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.75.2.422","article-title":"Unequal division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its implications for the control of cell division","volume":"75","author":"Hartwell","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Cell Biol."},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"Chromosomes: Organization and Function.","author":"Sumner","year":"2008"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03097","article-title":"Cell-cycle checkpoints and cancer","volume":"432","author":"Kastan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2005.12.009","article-title":"Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer","volume":"160","author":"Valko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6863","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-2852","article-title":"Advances in chemical carcinogenesis: a historical review and prospective","volume":"68","author":"Loeb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33588","article-title":"Cancer statistics for the year 2020: an overview","volume":"149","author":"Ferlay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/cac2.12207","article-title":"Global patterns of breast cancer incidence and mortality: a population-based cancer registry data analysis from 2000 to 2020","volume":"41","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155220922598","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, preventive practices and perceived barriers to screening about colorectal cancer among university students of newly merged district, Kpk, Pakistan-A cross-sectional study","volume":"27","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Oncol Pharm Pract."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.47391\/NNJP.01","article-title":"The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in breast cancer patients; a cross-sectional study of breast cancer patients experience in Pakistan","volume":"1","author":"Rashid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B33","unstructured":"Breast cancer in Pakistan-awareness and early detection\n            SohailS\n            AlamSN\n          2007"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288773","DOI":"10.1080\/2331205X.2017.1288773","article-title":"Cancer prevalence, incidence and mortality rates in Pakistan in 2012","volume":"4","author":"Sarwar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogent Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0236359","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236359","article-title":"Oral cancer: Clinicopathological features and associated risk factors in a high risk population presenting to a major tertiary care center in Pakistan","volume":"15","author":"Anwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2017009","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2017009","article-title":"Smokeless tobacco (paan and gutkha) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer","volume":"39","author":"Niaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0424-2","article-title":"Global burden of disease due to smokeless tobacco consumption in adults: analysis of data from 113 countries","volume":"13","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909116639969","article-title":"Underrecognition of malnutrition in advanced cancer: the role of the dietitian and clinical practice variations","volume":"34","author":"Aktas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Med."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061980","article-title":"The spectrum of malnutrition\/cachexia\/sarcopenia in oncology according to different cancer types and settings: a narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Bossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081211","article-title":"Nutrition in cancer patients","volume":"8","author":"Ravasco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-015-2813-7","article-title":"Lorenzo A. Prevalence of hospital malnutrition in cancer patients: a sub-analysis of the PREDyCES\u00ae study","volume":"24","author":"Planas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(01)00632-3","article-title":"Cancer: impact of nutrition intervention outcome-nutrition issues for patients","volume":"17","author":"Capra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nutrition."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.04.003","article-title":"Immune dysfunction as a cause and consequence of malnutrition","volume":"37","author":"Bourke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8020514","article-title":"Hospital malnutrition: prevalence, identification and impact on patients and the healthcare system","volume":"8","author":"Barker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.040","article-title":"Sarcopenia from mechanism to diagnosis and treatment in liver disease","volume":"65","author":"Dasarathy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.06.009","article-title":"The economic costs of disease related malnutrition","volume":"32","author":"Freijer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2012.11.003","article-title":"Malnutrition and quality of life in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Rasheed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(01)02414-4","article-title":"Early development, survival and reproduction in humans","volume":"17","author":"Lummaa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-013-0263-y","article-title":"Crops that feed the world 10. Past successes and future challenges to the role played by wheat in global food security","volume":"5","author":"Shiferaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Secur."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18891","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v56i0.18891","article-title":"Changes in dietary habits after migration and consequences for health: a focus on South Asians in Europe","volume":"56","author":"Holmboe-Ottesen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Nutr Res."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.vsrr\/2021.7.1.42.51","article-title":"Relation of electrical stimulation to meat standard","volume":"7","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Sci."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/13557850500145238","article-title":"Changes in food habits among Pakistani immigrant women in Oslo, Norway","volume":"10","author":"Mellin-Olsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ethn Health."},{"key":"B53","volume-title":"Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective.","year":"2007"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00316-2","article-title":"The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants","volume":"56","author":"Fahey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.9.1954","article-title":"Myo-inositol content of common foods: development of a high-myo-inositol diet","volume":"33","author":"Clements Jr","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1081\/DMR-100102342","article-title":"Inhibition of carcinogenesis by isothiocyanates","volume":"32","author":"Hecht","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(01)00454-2","article-title":"Dose-response study of myo-inositol as an inhibitor of lung tumorigenesis induced in A\/J mice by benzo [a] pyrene and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone","volume":"167","author":"Hecht","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832161","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/832161","article-title":"Attenuation of carcinogenesis and the mechanism underlying by the influence of indole-3-carbinol and its metabolite 3, 3\u2032-diindolylmethane: a therapeutic marvel","volume":"2014","author":"Maruthanila","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2022.2071293","article-title":"Nutrients and bioactive compounds of Sorghum bicolor L. used to prepare functional foods: a review on the efficacy against different chronic disorders","volume":"25","author":"Khalid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Food Proper."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6657","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2013.14.11.6657","article-title":"Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var capitata) phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential Asian Pacific","volume":"14","author":"Rokayya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cancer Prevent."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533610385707","article-title":"Nutrition concerns and health effects of vegetarian diets","volume":"25","author":"Craig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract."},{"key":"B62","article-title":"Novel treatment strategy against COVID-19 through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunostimulatory properties of the b vitamin complex","volume-title":"B-Complex Vitamins: Sources, Intakes and Novel Applications.","author":"Babar","year":"2021"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2010.02.005","article-title":"Sulforaphane composition, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of crucifer vegetables","volume":"1","author":"Farag","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Adv Res."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1800079","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800079","article-title":"Cruciferous vegetables, isothiocyanates, and bladder cancer prevention","volume":"62","author":"Abbaoui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-018-0347-8","article-title":"Intensifying sulforaphane formation in broccoli sprouts by using other cruciferous sprouts additions","volume":"27","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.17756\/jfcn.2016-018","article-title":"Fruits and vegetables as dietary sources of antimutagens","volume":"2","author":"Gautam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Food Chem Nanotechnol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2011.06.001","article-title":"Attenuation of multi-targeted proliferation-linked signaling by 3, 3\u2032-diindolylmethane (DIM): from bench to clinic","volume":"728","author":"Banerjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutat Res Rev."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.05.038","article-title":"Inhibition of DNA oxidative damage and antimutagenic activity by dichloromethane extract of Brassica rapa var. rapa L seeds","volume":"74","author":"Arora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indus Crops Prod."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/med.10033","article-title":"Flavonoids: promising anticancer agents","volume":"23","author":"Ren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Res Rev."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2621.2001.00513.x","article-title":"Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables-the millennium's health","volume":"36","author":"Kaur","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-018-3221-z","article-title":"Bioactivities of phytochemicals present in tomato","volume":"55","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9030213","article-title":"Modulatory effects of polyphenols on apoptosis induction: relevance for cancer prevention","volume":"9","author":"D'Archivio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500847","article-title":"Tocopherols in cancer: an update","volume":"60","author":"Das Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.06.001","article-title":"Carotenoids in human nutrition and health","volume":"652","author":"Eggersdorfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15586","article-title":"Dietary and plasma carotenoids are positively associated with alpha diversity in the fecal microbiota of pregnant women","volume":"86","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Food Sci."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010088","article-title":"The association between carotenoids and head and neck cancer risk","volume":"14","author":"Brewczy\u0144ski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00483-9","article-title":"Red meat, processed meat, and other dietary protein sources and risk of overall and cause-specific mortality in The Netherlands Cohort Study","volume":"34","author":"van den Brandt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjss.2017.06.001","article-title":"Factors determining subsistence farmers' access to agricultural credit in flood-prone areas of Pakistan","volume":"39","author":"Saqib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kasetsart J Soc Sci."},{"key":"B79","article-title":"Dairy development for the resource poor","volume-title":"Part 3: Pakistan and India Dairy Development Case Studies FAO\/PPLPI Working Paper.","author":"Staal","year":"2008"},{"key":"B80","first-page":"186","volume-title":"Business Models That Are Inclusive of Small Farmers.","author":"Vorley","year":"2009"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.83494","article-title":"Current standing and future challenges of dairying in Pakistan: a status update","volume-title":"Milk Production, Processing and Marketing.","author":"Tahir","year":"2019"},{"key":"B82","unstructured":"A study on chemical composition and detection of chemical adulteration in tetra pack milk samples commercially available in Multan1836\n            AwanA\n            NaseerM\n            IqbalA\n            AliM\n            IqbalR\n            IqbalF\n          24374447Pakistan J Pharm Sci.272014"},{"key":"B83","unstructured":"Analysis of milk production system in Peri-urban areas of Lahore (Pakistan): a case study22942\n            JalilH\n            RehmanHU\n            SialMH\n            HussainSS\n          Pakistan Econ Soc Rev.472009"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2013.11.093","article-title":"Detection and confirmation of milk adulteration with cheese whey using proteomic-like sample preparation and liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry analysis","volume":"120","author":"Motta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta."},{"key":"B85","unstructured":"Environmental factors affecting milk yield in Friesian cows in Punjab, Pakistan5861\n            JavedK\n            AfzalM\n            SattarA\n            MirzaR\n          Pak Vet J.242004"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12181","article-title":"Impacts of milk fraud on food safety and nutrition with special emphasis on developing countries","volume":"15","author":"Handford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comprehens Rev Food Sci Food Saf."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1002\/ird.2486","article-title":"Impacts of dairy farming systems on water quantity and quality in Brazil, Ethiopia, Nepal, New Zealand and the USA","volume":"69","author":"KC","year":"2020","journal-title":"Irrigat Drain."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2014.994818","article-title":"Milk preservatives and adulterants: processing, regulatory and safety issues","volume":"31","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Rev Int."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.04.008","article-title":"The impact of red and processed meat consumption on cancer and other health outcomes: Epidemiological evidences","volume":"92","author":"Boada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605993","article-title":"Salt intake and gastric cancer risk according to Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, tumour site and histological type","volume":"104","author":"Peleteiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Cancer."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.192526","article-title":"Adherence to the Western, Prudent, and Mediterranean dietary patterns and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the MCC-Spain study","volume":"103","author":"Solans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Haematologica."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.6.529","article-title":"Meta-analysis: dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels, and the risk of breast cancer","volume":"91","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12607661","article-title":"Suppression of ultraviolet light-induced tumor formation by dietary antioxidants","volume":"65","author":"Black","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol."},{"key":"B94","unstructured":"p. 632\u2013714.2010"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-2-30","article-title":"Metabolic targeting of brain cancer","volume":"2","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr Metab (Lond)."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.021","article-title":"Obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"127","author":"Caldwell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3367","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-016-0534-2","article-title":"Quantitation and risk assessment of chemical adulterants in milk using UHPLC coupled to photodiode array and differential refractive index detectors","volume":"9","author":"Ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Anal Methods."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.99220","article-title":"Bio-molecular characteristics of whey proteins with relation to inflammation","volume-title":"New Advances in the Dairy Industry.","author":"Ali","year":"2021"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2018.703.288","article-title":"Gastritis and peptic ulcer diseases in dogs: A review","volume":"7","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci9010004","article-title":"Factors affecting purchase intentions in generation Y: an empirical evidence from fast food industry in Malaysia","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Administr Sci."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v6n6p136","article-title":"Consumption, health attitudes and perception toward fast food among Arab consumers in Kuwait: gender differences","volume":"6","author":"Musaiger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci."},{"key":"B102","volume-title":"Youth at Work: The Unionized Fast-Food and Grocery Workplace.","author":"Tannock","year":"2001"},{"key":"B103","volume-title":"Evaluating Fast Food Nutrition and Marketing to Youth.","author":"Harris","year":"2010"},{"key":"B104","unstructured":"Review of trends in fast food consumption7785\n            BaigAK\n            SaeedM\n          Eur J Econ Finan Administr Sci.482012"},{"key":"B105","volume-title":"Let's Eat Out: Americans Weigh Taste, Convenience and Nutrition.","author":"Blisard","year":"2006"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2012.01001.x","article-title":"Contextual influences on eating behaviours: heuristic processing and dietary choices","volume":"13","author":"Cohen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes Rev."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2010.01102.x","article-title":"Impact of the changing food environment on dietary practices of an Inuit population in Arctic Canada","volume":"23","author":"Mead","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Dietet."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/1355785042000285375","article-title":"Factors influencing food choices, dietary intake, and nutrition-related attitudes among African Americans: application of a culturally sensitive model","volume":"9","author":"James","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ethn Health."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/15378020.2011.594388","article-title":"Fine-dining restaurant selection: Direct and moderating effects of customer attributes","volume":"14","author":"Harrington","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Foodservice Bus Res."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1108\/17465681111143993","volume":"6","author":"Anand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc Bus Rev."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60149-4","article-title":"Adolescence and the social determinants of health","volume":"379","author":"Viner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827618766483","article-title":"The hidden dangers of fast and processed food","volume":"12","author":"Fuhrman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"B113","unstructured":"Trend of fast food consumption and its effect on Pakistani society17\n            YahyaF\n            ZafarR\n            ShafiqS\n          Food Sci Qual Manage.112013"},{"key":"B114","volume-title":"Of Hamburger and Social Space: Consuming.","author":"Yan","year":"2000"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898000721794X","article-title":"Fast food for family meals: relationships with parent and adolescent food intake, home food availability and weight status","volume":"10","author":"Boutelle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.35841\/nutrition-human-health.2.1.18-21","article-title":"College student's perception of risk factors related to fast food consumption and their eating habits","volume":"2","author":"Abraham","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Hum Health."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/ajco.12067","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable intake and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia-Pac J Clin Oncol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.08.087","article-title":"Mediterranean dietary pattern is associated with low risk of aggressive prostate cancer: MCC-Spain Study","volume":"199","author":"Castell\u00f3","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s12609-016-0218-3","article-title":"Reducing the risk of breast cancer recurrence: an evaluation of the effects and mechanisms of diet and exercise","volume":"8","author":"Dieli-Conwright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Breast Cancer Rep."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37091","article-title":"Tomato consumption and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B121","unstructured":"Possible causes of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in Pakistani population residing in Pakistan12\n            IqbalR\n            KhanAH\n          20055268J Pak Med Assoc.602010"},{"key":"B122","unstructured":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in general population of Islamabad, Pakistan457\n            KhanH\n            AnsariM\n            WaheedU\n            FarooqN\n          Ann Pak Inst Med Sci.92013"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn360","article-title":"Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer","volume":"100","author":"Chlebowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Instit."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0981","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and risk of incident ovarian cancer","volume":"16","author":"Tworoger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Prevent Biomark."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0722","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D and risk of breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Bertone-Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Prevent Biomark."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3109\/10408449609017930","article-title":"Epidemiology of cancer by tobacco products and the significance of TSNA","volume":"26","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.5b00040","article-title":"Tobacco alkaloids and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in dust from homes of smokeless tobacco users, active smokers, and nontobacco users","volume":"28","author":"Whitehead","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-013-9826-4","article-title":"Gutka and Tambaku paan use among South Asian immigrants: a focus group study","volume":"16","author":"Banerjee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5851.99726","article-title":"Arecanut as an emerging etiology of oral cancers in India","volume":"33","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920415)69:8<2011::AID-CNCR2820690802>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. Relationship to risk factors associated with oral cancer","volume":"69","author":"Pillai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11383","article-title":"Risk factors for multiple oral premalignant lesions","volume":"107","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0250144","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250144","article-title":"Disparities in smokeless tobacco use in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan: findings from the global adult tobacco survey, 2014-2017","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2008.05.018","article-title":"Lifestyle risk factors for oral cancer","volume":"45","author":"Petti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5567","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2013.14.10.5567","article-title":"Epidemiology of oral cancer in Asia in the past decade-an update (2000-2012)","volume":"14","author":"Rao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prevent."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61255-3_3","article-title":"Epidemiology of oral cancer","author":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Cancer Detect."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25516","article-title":"Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008","volume":"127","author":"Ferlay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"key":"B137","first-page":"10","article-title":"Are our people health conscious? Results of a patients survey in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"15","author":"Qidwai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll."},{"key":"B138","first-page":"34","article-title":"Smoking and chewing habits of people of Karachi\u22121981","volume":"32","author":"Mahmood","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc."},{"key":"B139","first-page":"S41","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practices of a Karachi slum population regarding the role of products of betel, areca and smokeless tobacco in the etiology of head & neck cancers","volume":"55","author":"Khawaja","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2002.00040.x","article-title":"Addicted schoolchildren: prevalence and characteristics of areca nut chewers among primary school children in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"38","author":"Shah","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-1-10","article-title":"Socio-demographic correlates of betel, areca and smokeless tobacco use as a high risk behavior for head and neck cancers in a squatter settlement of Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"1","author":"Mazahir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350802286725","article-title":"Periodontal conditions and oral symptoms in gutka-chewers with and without type 2 diabetes","volume":"66","author":"Javed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2009.12.038","article-title":"Oral mucosal disorders associated with habitual gutka usage: a review","volume":"109","author":"Javed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontol."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009201","article-title":"Novikov l, Modan B. Nutritional factors in the etiology of brain tumors potential role of nitrosamines, fat, and cholesterol","volume":"146","author":"Kaplan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1560","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718185115","article-title":"Weng M-w, Wang H-T, Huang WC, Lepor H, et al. E-cigarette smoke damages DNA and reduces repair activity in mouse lung, heart, and bladder as well as in human lung and bladder cells","volume":"115","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.5958\/2249-6270.2018.00011.9","article-title":"Ghutka and pr-cancerous lesions: An empirical study in \u2018twin city' of Odisha","volume":"8","author":"Tanuja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Soc Econom Res."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19980119)75:2<225::AID-IJC10>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Evaluation of carcinogenic\/co-carcinogenic activity of a common chewing product, pan masala, in mouse skin, stomach and esophagus","volume":"75","author":"Ramchandani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"key":"B148","unstructured":"Toxicological evaluation of pan masala in pure inbred Swiss mice: a preliminary report on long-term exposure study13069\n            NigamS\n            KumarA\n            SheikhS\n            SaiyedH\n          Curr Sci.802001"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1962.00740040122008","article-title":"Treatment of uncomplicated anosmia by vitamin A","volume":"75","author":"Duncan","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.06.010","article-title":"New developments in our understanding of vitamin D metabolism, action and treatment","volume":"98","author":"Christakos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-015-0256-x","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in patients admitted to the general ward with breast, lung, and colorectal cancer in Buenos Aires, Argentina","volume":"11","author":"Aguirre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Osteoporos."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.5772\/63395","article-title":"Cancer treatment and nutritional deficiencies","volume-title":"Nutritional Deficiency.","author":"Schloss","year":"2016"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2014.932397","article-title":"Combined genetic and nutritional risk models of triple negative breast cancer","volume":"66","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20592","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020592","article-title":"multi-label classifier for predicting the subcellular localization of gram-negative bacterial proteins with both single and multiple sites","volume":"6","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B155","first-page":"2","article-title":"Trace elements and vitamin E status in Nigerian patients with prostate cancer","volume":"10","author":"Adaramoye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.033373","article-title":"Selenium and prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Hurst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.221481","article-title":"Weight status and alcohol intake modify the association between vitamin D and breast cancer risk","volume":"146","author":"Deschasaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"djv260","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv260","article-title":"Unmetabolized folic acid in prediagnostic plasma and the risk for colorectal cancer","volume":"107","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67845","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067845","article-title":"Dietary selenium deficiency exacerbates DSS-induced epithelial injury and AOM\/DSS-induced tumorigenesis","volume":"8","author":"Barrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-013-9386-3","article-title":"The role of lean process improvement in implementation of evidence-based practices in behavioral health care","volume":"42","author":"Steinfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Behav Health Serv Res."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2015.11.008","article-title":"Meat consumption and cancer risk: a critical review of published meta-analyses","volume":"97","author":"Lippi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-13-1308","article-title":"prospective study of plasma Selenoprotein P and lung cancer risk among low-income adults","volume":"23","author":"Epplein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Prevent Biomark."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-015-0189-0","article-title":"Vitamin A depletion induced by cigarette smoke is associated with an increase in lung cancer-related markers in rats","volume":"22","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.8.2543","article-title":"Zinc deficiency induces oxidative DNA damage and increases p53 expression in human lung fibroblasts","volume":"133","author":"Ho","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B165","unstructured":"Deficiency of vitamin C in South Asia347\n            KhanRM\n            IqbalMP\n          Pakistan J Med Sci.222006"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071963","article-title":"Factors affecting vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency: a global health perspective","volume":"12","author":"Carr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082338","article-title":"Low vitamin C status in patients with Cancer is associated with patient and tumor characteristics","volume":"12","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5408.2002.00005.x","article-title":"Vitamin C function and status in chronic disease","volume":"5","author":"Jacob","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Care."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3182603598","article-title":"Cancer-related microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: clinical and laboratory features in 168 reported cases","volume":"91","author":"Lechner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533608314536","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia","volume":"23","author":"Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract."},{"key":"B171","unstructured":"Iron status of the Pakistani population-current issues and strategies3407\n            AkhtarS\n            AhmedA\n            AhmadA\n            AliZ\n            RiazM\n            IsmailT\n          23945403Asia Pac J Clin Nutr.222013"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2021-000304","article-title":"Impact evaluation of the efficacy of different doses of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on pregnancy and birth outcomes: a randomised, controlled, dose comparison trial in Pakistan","volume":"4","author":"Nausheen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr Prevent Health."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2062-0","article-title":"Low vitamin D status in nursing Pakistani mothers in an environment of ample sunshine: a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Mustafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Preg Childb."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.35.2.680","article-title":"Vitamin D status in under five children in diverse communities of Karachi","volume":"35","author":"Moorani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pakistan J Med Sci."},{"key":"B175","unstructured":"2018"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105547","article-title":"Higher risk of vitamin D insufficiency\/deficiency for rural than urban dwellers","volume":"197","author":"Griffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol."},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2020.1750504","article-title":"Current status of malnutrition and stunting in Pakistani children: what needs to be done?","volume":"40","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_279901","article-title":"Colorectal cancer in the young: epidemiology, prevention, management","volume":"40","author":"Siegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2010.10.139","article-title":"Absolute and functional iron deficiency in professional athletes during training and recovery","volume":"156","author":"Reinke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.sajls\/2019\/7.2.25.28","article-title":"Incidence of anemia among pregnant females of rural areas of punjab","volume":"7","author":"Saqib","year":"2019","journal-title":"S Asian J Life Sci."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e039231","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039231","article-title":"Biofortification of wheat with zinc for eliminating deficiency in Pakistan: study protocol for a cluster-randomised, double-blind, controlled effectiveness study (BIZIFED2)","volume":"10","author":"Lowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B182","unstructured":"Karachi cancer registry data\u2013implications for the national cancer control program of pakistan7782\n            BhurgriY\n          15075010Asian Pac J Cancer Prev.52004"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22912-6_15","article-title":"Cancer care in Pakistan","volume-title":"Cancer Care in Countries and Societies in Transition.","author":"Ashraf","year":"2016"},{"key":"B184","unstructured":"Cancer prevention and control in Pakistan: review of cancer epidemiology and challenges348\n            ShamsiU\n          Liaquat Natl J Prim Care.22020"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-10-60","article-title":"National program for family planning and primary health care Pakistan: a SWOT analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wazir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod Health."},{"key":"B186","volume-title":"Cancer Control: Knowledge Into Action: WHO Guide for Effective Programmes. Policy and Advocacy Module 6.","year":"2008"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-7-54","article-title":"The role of pharmacists in developing countries: the current scenario in Pakistan","volume":"7","author":"Azhar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health."},{"key":"B188","unstructured":"The impact of income inequality, environmental degradation and globalization on life expectancy in Pakistan: an empirical analysis\n            AliA\n            AudiM\n          10.14738\/abr.511.3696.2016"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60019-7","article-title":"ul Haq I, et al. Pakistan's health system: performance and prospects after the 18th Constitutional Amendment","volume":"381","author":"Nishtar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00504","article-title":"The crux of the medicine prices' controversy in Pakistan","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B191","unstructured":"Status of higher education in nuclear technology in Pakistan\n            AhmadN\n          358055842007"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s13246-012-0156-y","article-title":"Assessment of occupational exposure among Pakistani medical staff during 2007-2011","author":"Masood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Austral Phys Eng Sci Med."},{"key":"B193","unstructured":"Nuclear medical centres of PAEC936\n            KhurshidS\n          Nucleus.422020"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036","DOI":"10.4103\/2278-330X.105892","article-title":"Improving cancer care in Pakistan","volume":"2","author":"Jamshed","year":"2013","journal-title":"South Asian J Cancer."},{"key":"B195","unstructured":"PakistanCcharC,. Existing Cancer Burden & Treatment Facilities: Cancer Care Hospital Research Centre Pakistan.\n          2022"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e318249abf9","article-title":"Pediatric oncology in Pakistan","volume":"34","author":"Ashraf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1200\/GO.21.00320","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: society of medical oncology, Pakistan society of hematology, and Pakistan society of clinical oncology Joint clinical practice guideline","volume":"7","author":"Iftikhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCO Glob Oncol."},{"key":"B198","unstructured":"Lung cancer in Pakistan, where do we stand4058\n            MajeedFA\n            AzeemAR\n            FarhanN\n          30890835JPMA.692019"},{"key":"B199","unstructured":""},{"key":"B200","unstructured":""},{"key":"B201","unstructured":"TribuneTE,. Free Food Facility Opened at PIMS.\n          2022"},{"key":"B202","unstructured":""},{"key":"B203","unstructured":""},{"key":"B204","unstructured":""},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.7497\/j.issn.2095-3941.2013.04.001","article-title":"Global progress against cancer-challenges and opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Biemar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/0-8213-5790-5","volume-title":"Public Health in the Middle East and North Africa: Meeting the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century.","author":"Pierre-Louis","year":"2004"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjhh.2016.05.009","article-title":"Iron deficiency in cancer patients","volume":"38","author":"Naoum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.12.023","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: prevalence and possible causes of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in pediatric cancer patients","volume":"35","author":"Iniesta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2017.11.001","volume":"51","author":"Gillberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Seminars Cancer Biol."},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.045260","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention","volume":"96","author":"Garland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Publ Health."},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8100629","article-title":"Maternal diet and nutrient requirements in pregnancy and breastfeeding. An Italian consensus document","volume":"8","author":"Marangoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-009-0228-2","article-title":"Global impacts of human mineral malnutrition","volume":"335","author":"Stein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Soil."},{"key":"B213","unstructured":"Smokers: Nuisances in Belmont City, California-in their homes, but not on public sidewalks413\n            TippensG\n          Minn JL Sci & Tech.102008"},{"key":"B214","unstructured":"Ethical issues in advertising in Pakistan: an Islamic perspective44452\n            AbbasiAS\n            AkhterW\n            UmarS\n          World Appl Sci J.132011"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i73","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.11.suppl_1.i73","article-title":"The cigarette pack as image: new evidence from tobacco industry documents","volume":"11","author":"Wakefield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-11-16","article-title":"Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of tobacco use among adults in Pakistan: findings of a nationwide survey conducted in 2012","volume":"11","author":"Gilani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Popul Health Metr."},{"key":"B217","unstructured":""},{"key":"B218","unstructured":""},{"key":"B219","unstructured":""},{"key":"B220","unstructured":"2002"},{"key":"B221","unstructured":""}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.940514\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T15:38:17Z","timestamp":1658504297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.940514\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"references-count":221,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2022.940514"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.940514","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"article-number":"940514"}}