{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T11:08:33Z","timestamp":1792494513165,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021708","name":"New South Wales Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Honey is the source of energy for the European honey bee,\n                    <jats:italic>Apis mellifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Beyond simple nutrition and a hedge against the seasonal, geographic, and chemical unpredictability of nectar, honey has properties that protect the hive against various stresses. Enzyme-mediated detoxification during honey ripening neutralizes potentially toxic phytochemicals, and bees that consume honey have enhanced tolerance to other ingested toxins. Catalase and antioxidant phenolics protect honey bees from oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species, promoting their longevity. Phytochemical components of honey and microRNAs have the potential to influence developmental pathways, with diet playing a large role in honey bee caste determination. Components of honey mediate stress response and promote cold tolerance during overwintering. Honey has a suite of antimicrobial mechanisms including osmotic pressure, low water activity, low pH, hydrogen peroxide, and plant-, honey bee-, and microbiota-derived compounds such as phytochemicals and antimicrobial peptides. Certain types of honey, particularly polyfloral honeys, have been shown to inhibit important honey bee pathogens including the bacteria responsible for American and European Foulbrood, the microsporidian\n                    <jats:italic>Nosema ceranae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and the fungi responsible for Stonebrood. Understanding the diverse functional properties of honey has far-ranging implications for honey bee and hive health and management by beekeepers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.954170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T05:39:01Z","timestamp":1658727541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The role of honey in the ecology of the hive: Nutrition, detoxification, longevity, and protection against hive pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kenya E.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily J.","family":"Remnant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen R.","family":"Schell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nural N.","family":"Cokcetin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dee A.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"731","article-title":"Traditional and modern uses of natural honey in human diseases: a review","volume":"16","author":"Eteraf-Oskouei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.204647","article-title":"Honey and health: a review of recent clinical research","volume":"9","author":"Samarghandian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20172140","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.2140","article-title":"The worldwide importance of honey bees as pollinators in natural habitats","volume":"285","author":"Hung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Royal Soc B."},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"The Assessment Report on Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production: Summary for Policymakers","author":"Potts","year":"2016"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/00218839.2017.1338444","article-title":"Composition and properties of Apis mellifera honey: a review","volume":"57","author":"Machado De-Melo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Apic Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-015-0400-z","article-title":"Pharmacophagy and pharmacophory: mechanisms of self-medication and disease prevention in the honeybee colony (Apis mellifera)","volume":"47","author":"Erler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Apidologie."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-040320-074933","article-title":"Honey as a functional food for Apis mellifera","volume":"66","author":"Berenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59689-1_3","article-title":"Chemical composition of honey","volume-title":"Bee Products\u2014Chemical and Biological Properties.","author":"Santos-Buelga","year":"2017"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-020117-043423","article-title":"Nutritional physiology and ecology of honey bees","volume":"63","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"82","article-title":"Honey composition and properties","author":"White","year":"1980","journal-title":"Beekeeping in the United States Agriculture Handbook"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49164","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049164","article-title":"What are the proteolytic enzymes of honey and what they do tell us? 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