{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:45:46Z","timestamp":1790477146699,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012021","name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vascular dysfunction is a major complication of diabetes mellitus that leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to examine the effects of omega-3 consumption on endothelial function, vascular structure, and metabolic parameters in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 51 adolescents (10\u201318 years) with T1DM completed the study. Patients received 600 mg\/day [containing 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 120 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] of omega-3 or placebo for 12 weeks. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD), carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), serum insulin (SI), urine albumin-creatinine ratio (uACR), blood pressure, and anthropometric indices were assessed at the baseline and after the intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following supplementation, omega-3 significantly increased FMD (3.1 \u00b1 4.2 vs. \u22120.6 \u00b1 4%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.006) and decreased TG (\u22127.4 \u00b1 10.7 vs. \u22120.1 \u00b1 13.1 mg\/dl, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.022) in comparison with the placebo group. However, no significant difference was observed regarding CIMT (-0.005 \u00b1 0.036 vs. 0.003 \u00b1 0.021 mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.33). Although hs-CRP was significantly decreased within the omega-3 group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.031); however, no significant change was observed compared to placebo group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.221). Omega-3 supplementation had no significant effect on other variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the elevation in FMD and reduction in TG, omega-3 supplementation can improve vascular function and may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in adolescents with T1DM patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.962773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T16:32:34Z","timestamp":1658507554000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effects of omega-3 supplementation on endothelial function, vascular structure, and metabolic parameters in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Masoud","family":"Khorshidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliakbar","family":"Sayyari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naheed","family":"Aryaeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beheshteh","family":"Olang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Alaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Khalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00443-4","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus as a disease of the \u03b2-cell (do not blame the immune system?","volume":"17","author":"Roep","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.34172\/hpp.2020.18","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes in the world: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Mobasseri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot Perspect."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610187","article-title":"Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002-2012","volume":"376","author":"Mayer-Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13345","article-title":"Updated 24-year trend of type 1 diabetes incidence in children in Poland reveals a sinusoidal pattern and sustained increase","volume":"34","author":"Chobot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31320-5","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"391","author":"DiMeglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60765-5","article-title":"Time trends in the incidence of type 1 diabetes in Finnish children: a cohort study","volume":"371","author":"Harjutsalo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.5152\/akd.2012.158","article-title":"Effect of glycemic control on the progress of left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in children with type I diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Abd El Dayem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anadolu Kardiyol Derg."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2019.0398","article-title":"Estimated lifetime economic burden of type 1 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Sussman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabet Technol Ther."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0351-3","article-title":"Early changes in cardiovascular structure and function in adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Bradley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0915","article-title":"Levels of oxidized LDL and advanced glycation end products\u2013modified LDL in circulating immune complexes are strongly associated with increased levels of carotid intima-media thickness and its progression in type 1 diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Lopes-Virella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e603","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000618","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"139","author":"De Ferranti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/340838","article-title":"Recent trends in therapeutic approaches for diabetes management: a comprehensive update","volume":"2015","author":"Tiwari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557043403431","article-title":"Omega 3-fatty acids: health benefits and cellular mechanisms of action","volume":"4","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S214","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001602","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(01)00406-0","article-title":"Longchain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and blood vessel function","volume":"52","author":"Abeywardena","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2020.102160","article-title":"Role of oxylipins generated from dietary PUFAs in the modulation of endothelial cell function","volume":"160","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-008-0013-2","article-title":"Diabetic dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis: evidence from clinical trials","volume":"8","author":"Farmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01094-5","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation versus placebo on vascular health, glycaemic control, and metabolic parameters in people with type 1 diabetes: a randomised controlled preliminary trial","volume":"19","author":"O'Mahoney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28374","article-title":"Effects of n\u22123 fatty acids on macro-and microvascular function in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"91","author":"Stirban","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05930-1","article-title":"Study protocol of a randomized controlled clinical trial investigating the effects of omega-3 supplementation on endothelial function, vascular structure, and metabolic parameters in adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Khorshidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20090568","article-title":"Fenofibrate improves endothelial function in the brachial artery and forearm resistance arterioles of statin-treated Type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"118","author":"Hamilton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Sci."},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) and Adolescents (PAQ-A) Manual","author":"Kowalski","year":"2004"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199710000-00011","article-title":"Measuring general levels of physical activity: preliminary evidence for the physical activity questionnaire for older children","volume":"29","author":"Crocker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1993","article-title":"Inflammatory markers are increased in youth with type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH case-control study","volume":"95","author":"Snell-Bergeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60445-X","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of marine omega-3 fatty acids","volume":"376","author":"Saravanan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.8.1197","article-title":"Novel functional sets of lipid-derived mediators with antiinflammatory actions generated from omega-3 fatty acids via cyclooxygenase 2\u2013nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and transcellular processing","volume":"192","author":"Serhan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35508","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035508","article-title":"Activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase by eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20: 5 n-3) improves endothelial function in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-014-0101-3","article-title":"N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease levels of doxorubicin-induced reactive oxygen species in cardiomyocytes\u2014involvement of uncoupling protein UCP2","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP42672","article-title":"function in children with hyperlipidemia: results from the EARLY study","volume":"42","author":"Engler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.006","article-title":"Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on endothelial function: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"221","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90305-0","article-title":"Aging is associated with endothelial dysfunction in healthy men years before the age-related decline in women","volume":"24","author":"Celermajer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.03.005","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces the progression of carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"191","author":"Mita","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(02)00307-6","article-title":"Effects of purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on platelet, fibrinolytic and vascular function in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"166","author":"Woodman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.042","article-title":"Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on coronary restenosis, intima\u2013media thickness, and exercise tolerance: a systematic review","volume":"184","author":"Balk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54535-x","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids effects on inflammatory biomarkers and lipid profiles among diabetic and cardiovascular disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Natto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"OC13","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2017\/20628.9449","article-title":"Role of omega-3 fatty acids on lipid profile in diabetic dyslipidaemia: single blind, randomised clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Chauhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res JCDR."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200969080-00008","article-title":"Omega-3 ethylester concentrate","volume":"69","author":"Hoy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.12.024","article-title":"Mechanisms for the hypotriglyceridemic effect of marine omega-3 fatty acids","volume":"98","author":"Davidson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39446","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.39446","article-title":"The combination therapy of fenofibrate and ezetimibe improved lipid profile and vascular function compared with statins in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"2017","author":"Shinnakasu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Atheroscler Thromb."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155298","article-title":"The effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory factors in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"136","author":"Morvaridzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2019.06.007","article-title":"The effect of omega-3 supplementation on serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers and albumin in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Dezfouli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Renal Nutr."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)00333-0","article-title":"Relation of inflammation to vascular function in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"149","author":"Sinisalo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.962773\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T16:32:39Z","timestamp":1658507559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.962773\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2022.962773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.962773","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"article-number":"962773"}}