{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:20:39Z","timestamp":1790994039738,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Dietary proteins provide bioactive peptides, which are important for host gastrointestinal functions. We hypothesized that A2-type \u03b2-casein could provide gastrointestinal benefits and improve the immune and gut health. This study was conducted to investigate those effects and mechanisms. Thirty BALB-c mice (3\u20134 weeks old) were fed with either a control diet (control), a diet supplemented with bovine milk containing A1 and A2 type \u03b2-casein (A1A2, contains 63.62% A2 \u03b2-casein of total \u03b2-casein) or a diet containing A2 type \u03b2-casein (A2A2, contains 95.96% A2 \u03b2-casein of total \u03b2-casein) (10 ml\/kg body weight) for 4 weeks. Immunoglobulin and inflammation factors were measured in serum, and histological variations were measured in duodenal and ileum, and stool 16S rRNA and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) contents were measured in fecal samples. Results showed that consumption of A2-type \u03b2-casein milk could improve proximal small intestine villus and crypt morphology (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05), increase IgG and IgE responses, and modulate the composition and diversity of gut microbiota by increase the relative abundance of phylum Proteobacteria, class\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , family\n                    <jats:italic>Ruminococcaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and species\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus animalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05). There were also significant associations between gut microbes, immune response, and SCFAs, especially isobutyric acid (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05), which may potentially regulated gastrointestinal benefits. Moreover, intake of A2-type \u03b2-casein milk had no impact on inflammation. These findings explained potential benefits of consumption of A2-type \u03b2-casein milk on host immune system and gut health outcomes, and provide insights to the future application of nutritional modulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.970685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T07:45:06Z","timestamp":1664523906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Bovine milk with variant \u03b2-casein types on immunological mediated intestinal changes and gut health of 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