{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T07:34:54Z","timestamp":1781163294320,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dietary pattern is excellent in reflecting an individual's eating conditions. Longitudinal data on fetal growth can reflect the process of intrauterine growth. We aimed to evaluate the associations between maternal dietary patterns and intrauterine parameters in middle and late pregnancy. The present study was conducted within Jiangsu Birth Cohort (JBC) study. Dietary information was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in the second and third trimester of gestation. B-ultrasound scans were performed to obtain fetal intrauterine parameters, including head circumference (HC), femur length (FL), abdominal circumference (AC), and estimated fetal weight (EFW). Exploratory factor analysis was used to extract dietary patterns. Multiple linear regression and linear mixed-effects model (LMM) were used to investigate the association between maternal dietary patterns and fetal growth. A total of 1,936 pregnant women were eligible for the study. We observed inverse associations of maternal \u201cVegetables and fish\u201d and \u201cSnack and less eggs\u201d patterns during mid-pregnancy with fetal HC Z-score, respectively (\u201cVegetables and fish\u201d: \u03b2 = \u22120.09, 95% CI \u22120.12, \u22120.06; \u201cSnack and less eggs\u201d: \u03b2 = \u22120.05, 95% CI \u22120.08, \u22120.02). On the contrary, \u201cAnimal internal organs, thallophyte and shellfish\u201d pattern in the second trimester was associated with increased HC Z-scores (\u03b2 = 0.04, 95% CI 0.02, 0.06). Consistently, score increase in \u201cVegetables and fish\u201d pattern in the third trimester was inversely associated with the Z-scores of HC (\u03b2 = \u22120.05, 95% CI \u22120.09, \u22120.02), while \u201cMeat and less nuts\u201d pattern was positively correlated with the Z-scores of HC (\u03b2 = 0.04, 95% CI 0.02, 0.07). As compared to the fetus whose mothers at the lowest tertile of \u201cSnack and less eggs\u201d pattern in both trimesters, those whose mothers at the highest tertile demonstrated 1.08 fold (RR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.34\u20133.28) increased risk of small HC for gestational age (GA). No correlation was observed between maternal dietary patterns and other intrauterine parameters. Our results suggested the effects of maternal dietary patterns on fetal growth, particularly HC. These findings highlighted the adverse impact of unhealthy dietary pattern on fetal growth, might provide evidence for strategies to prevent intrauterine dysplasia and dietary guidelines during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.985665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T10:49:16Z","timestamp":1663238956000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Associations of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and fetal intrauterine 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