{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:27:31Z","timestamp":1788582451684,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Optimal early infant feeding practices are critical to ensure adequate nutrition for infants\u2019 growth and development. This study aimed to examine the determinants of suboptimal early feeding practices (i.e., delayed initiation of breastfeeding, prelacteal feeding, and non-exclusive breastfeeding) among infants aged 0\u20135\u2009months in Indonesia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data collected in the 2012 and 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys. Analyses were conducted using information from 3,198 live-born singleton infants aged 0\u20135\u2009months. The primary outcomes used were: (1) delayed initiation of breastfeeding in the first hour after birth, (2) prelacteal feeding in the first 3\u2009days, and (3) non-exclusive breastfeeding in the last 24\u2009h preceding the survey. Potential predictors analyzed were categorized into the environmental, household, maternal, pregnancy, delivery, and child characteristics. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors significantly associated with each outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Approximately 78,6% of infants aged 0\u20135\u2009months in Indonesia had at least one of the three suboptimal early infant feeding practices. We found a strong association between the three outcome indicators analyzed. The determinants of delayed initiation of breastfeeding included infants from Sumatera region (adjusted odds ratios (aOR)\u2009=\u20092.02, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), infants delivered by Cesarean section (aOR\u2009=\u20092.78, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), and in non-health facilities (aOR\u2009=\u20091.53, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003). The determinants of prelacteal feeding in the first 3\u2009days included infants living in urban areas (aOR\u2009=\u20091.32, <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic> 0.035), the first birth-ranked infants (aOR\u2009=\u20091.32, <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic> 0.019), and infants who had delayed initiation of breastfeeding in the first hour of life (aOR\u2009=\u20093.90, <jats:italic>p\u2009&amp;lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.001). The determinants of non-exclusive breastfeeding in the last 24\u2009h included infants whose mothers worked in non-agricultural fields (aOR\u2009=\u20091.52, <jats:italic>p\u2009&amp;lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.001), infants delivered by Cesarean section (aOR\u2009=\u20091.33, <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic> 0.044), and the first birth-ranked infants (aOR\u2009=\u20091.28, <jats:italic>p\u2009=<\/jats:italic> 0.039).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a high percentage of infants aged 0\u20135\u2009months who had suboptimal feeding practices in Indonesia. As we found multiple factors associated with suboptimal early feeding practices among infants, integrated approaches, including health promotion and supportive public policy, are required to ensure infants receive adequate nutrition in the early stages of life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1080727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T05:33:17Z","timestamp":1679981597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The multiple factors of suboptimal early feeding practices among infants aged 0\u20135\u2009months in Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Christiana Rialine","family":"Titaley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ratna U.","family":"Wijayanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anifatun","family":"Mu'asyaroh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwan","family":"Ariawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Infant and young child feeding: key facts Geneva: World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices: definitions and measurement methods: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(15)01044-2","article-title":"Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices?","volume":"387","author":"Rollins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0180722","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180722","article-title":"Delayed breastfeeding initiation and infant survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Infant and young child feeding: model chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals","volume-title":"Infant and Young Child Feeding: Model Chapter for Textbooks for Medical Students and Allied Health Professionals","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333794X211018321","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794x211018321","article-title":"Prelacteal feeding practices and its associated factors among mother of children less than 2\u2009years of age in Kersa District, eastern Ethiopia. Global","volume":"8","author":"Adem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Health"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.2147\/rmhp.S297564","article-title":"Pooled prevalence and determinants of Prelacteal feeding practice in eastern Africa evidence from demographic and health survey data: a multilevel study","volume":"14","author":"Birhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Long-Term Effects of Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review","author":"Horta","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Short-Term Effects of Breastfeeding: Systematic Review on the Benefits of Breastfeeding on Diarrhoea and Pneumonia Mortality","author":"Horta","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01024-7","article-title":"Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect","volume":"387","author":"Victora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Global nutrition targets 2025: Policy brief series (WHO\/NMH\/NHD\/14.2)","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"WHO\/UNICEF Discussion Paper: The Extension of the 2025 Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition Targets to 2030","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"2008","volume-title":"Calverton","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"2017","volume-title":"Calverton","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.2014.23.1.18","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors and use of maternal health services are associated with delayed initiation and non-exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia: secondary analysis of Indonesia demographic and health surveys 2002\/2003 and 2007","volume":"23","author":"Titaley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4358-6-2","article-title":"Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding among infants under six months of age in peninsular Malaysia","volume":"6","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0240583","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240583","article-title":"Pre-lacteal feeding practices and associated factors among mothers of children aged less than 12 months in Jinka town, South Ethiopia, 2018\/19","volume":"15","author":"Sorrie","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9562","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120809562","article-title":"Factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding in Western Nepal","volume":"12","author":"Khanal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4314\/eajph.v7i3.64737","article-title":"The effect of pre-lacteal feeding on full breastfeeding in Nairobi","volume":"7","author":"Lakati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kenya East Afr J Public Health"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"2013","volume-title":"Calverton","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2001.0003","article-title":"Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data--or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India","volume":"38","author":"Filmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S144828","article-title":"Trends and inequities in use of maternal health care services in Indonesia, 1986\u20132012","volume":"10","author":"Nababan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Women's Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0224006","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224006","article-title":"Regional disparities in antenatal care utilization in Indonesia","volume":"15","author":"Laksono","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1604062","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2021.1604062","article-title":"Urban-rural gaps in breastfeeding practices: evidence from Lao People's Democratic Republic","volume":"66","author":"Wallenborn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13189","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13189","article-title":"Breastfeeding and breastmilk substitute use and feeding motivations among mothers in Bandung City, Indonesia","volume":"17","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03209-y","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with timely initiation of breastfeeding in Kilimanjaro region, northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Kiwango","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0215733","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215733","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding among Bangladeshi mothers: a nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Islam","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2019.1598977","article-title":"Perceptions and practices of infant feeding among African American women","volume":"58","author":"Deubel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol Food Nutr"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-018-0097-x","article-title":"Predictors of early initiation of breastfeeding among Zimbabwean women: secondary analysis of ZDHS 2015","volume":"5","author":"Mukora-Mutseyekwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103675","article-title":"Effectiveness of theory-based educational interventions on breastfeeding self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Chipojola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17361","DOI":"10.2196\/17361","article-title":"Effectiveness of internet-based electronic technology interventions on breastfeeding outcomes: systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Almohanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e023956","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023956","article-title":"Evidence on the effect of gender of newborn, antenatal care and postnatal care on breastfeeding practices in Ethiopia: a meta-analysis andmeta-regression analysis of observational studies","volume":"9","author":"Habtewold","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-223","article-title":"A qualitative study on the breastfeeding experiences of first-time mothers in Vientiane, Lao PDR","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09194-3","article-title":"Progress towards reducing sociodemographic disparities in breastfeeding outcomes in Indonesia: a trend analysis from 2002 to 2017","volume":"20","author":"Saputri","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration Republic of Indonesia, and Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, joint regulation on increasing breastfeeding in the workplace [Peraturan Bersama Peningkatan Pemberian air Susu Ibu Di Tempat Kerja]","volume-title":"Ministry of Women\u2019s empowerment Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration Republic of Indonesia, and Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. Strategic plan of Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia, year 2015\u20132019 [Rencana Strategis Kementerian Kesehatan Tahun 2015\u20132019]","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"Law No. 13\/2003 concerning Manpower [Undang-undang No. 13\/2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan]","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Maternity and Paternity at Work: Law and Practice Across the World","author":"Addati","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21109\/kesmas.v11i2.767","volume-title":"Lack of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Working Mothers in Indonesia","author":"Sari","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.14.020414","article-title":"Indonesia's breastfeeding challenge is echoed the world over","volume":"92","author":"Shetty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"International code of marketing of breastmilk substitutes: World Health Organization","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12730","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12730","article-title":"Translating the international code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes into national measures in nine countries","volume":"15","author":"Michaud-L\u00e9tourneau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980016001567","article-title":"Violations of the international code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes: Indonesia context","volume":"20","author":"Hidayana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239446","article-title":"Predictors of early initiation of breastfeeding in Indonesia: a population-based cross-sectional survey","volume":"15","author":"Gayatri","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0876-1","article-title":"The impact of caesarean section on breastfeeding initiation, duration and difficulties in the first four months postpartum","volume":"16","author":"Hobbs","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2011.00195.x","article-title":"The health implications of birth by caesarean section","volume":"87","author":"Hyde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.030254","article-title":"Breastfeeding after cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of world literature","volume":"95","author":"Prior","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13216","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13216","article-title":"The impact of baby friendly initiative accreditation: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"17","author":"Fair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1080727\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T05:33:33Z","timestamp":1679981613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1080727\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2023.1080727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1080727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"article-number":"1080727"}}