{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:19:26Z","timestamp":1781878766087,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease in young and middle-aged adults, is one of the leading causes of non-traumatic disability in adults. Diet is known to have an important role in the modulating inflammatory processes and influencing molecular pathways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to examine the association of the inflammatory capacity of diet measured by DII with MS in Jordan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This prevalent case-control study included participants of both sexes, aged between 20 and 60 years. The cases (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 541) had a confirmed diagnosis of prevalent Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in the previous 3 years, and controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 607) were apparently healthy individuals matched on sex and age (42 \u00b1 4 years). A validated Arabic food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was utilized to obtain estimated dietary intake. Dietary data from the FFQ were analyzed using ESHA\u2019s Food Processor<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> nutrition analysis software, and the results were used to calculate the DII scores. Logistic regression analyses, controlling for covariates such as age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status, were used to measure the association between DII score and MS outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cases represent a mixed sample of MS phenotypes and controls were comparable on age and sex. However, controls tended to be taller, lighter, had a lower BMI, and had a lower smoking rate. After controlling for age, BMI, sex, and smoking status, there was a consistent increase in MS risk according to DII score, with a 10-fold increase in odds in quartile 4 vs. quartile 1 [OR<jats:sub>quartile 4vs1<\/jats:sub> = 10.17 (95% CI: 6.88; 15.04)]. For each point increase in DII score, there was nearly a doubling of odds [OR<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> = 1.75 (95% CI: 1.59; 1.92)]. Individual nutrients and food values aligned according to their contribution to the DII score calculations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings of this study, obtained in MS patients with varied illness duration over the previous 3 years, are consistent with an association between the overall inflammatory potential of diet and MS odds. Our findings among MS participants showed a significantly more pro-inflammatory DII scores than age- and sex-matched controls. Our results also suggest that MS group had a diet rich in pro-inflammatory foods and nutrients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1098883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T05:26:06Z","timestamp":1680672366000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Diet-related inflammation increases the odds of multiple sclerosis: Results from a large population-based prevalent case-control study in Jordan"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Omar A.","family":"Alhaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Trabelsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdallah M.","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Shivappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola L.","family":"Bragazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Hebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitham A.","family":"Jahrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000768","article-title":"Atlas of multiple sclerosis 2013: a growing global problem with widespread inequity.","volume":"83","author":"Browne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition.","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2021.2381","article-title":"Appraisal survey of the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of Jordanian society toward diet and nutrition during COVID-19 era.","volume":"10","author":"Alhaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Public Health Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0203-2","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis in Jordan: a clinical and epidemiological study.","volume":"253","author":"El-Salem","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/03795721211052836","article-title":"The validation and reliability of the food and health questionnaire to assess health and nutrition knowledge.","volume":"43","author":"Alhaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21141","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. 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