{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T18:51:30Z","timestamp":1779130290794,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"Objectives<\/jats:title>We investigated the protective effect of Rehmannia glutinosa<\/jats:italic> oligosaccharides (RGO) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal inflammation and barrier injury among mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>RGO is prepared from fresh rehmannia glutinosa<\/jats:italic> by water extraction, active carbon decolorization, ion exchange resin impurity removal, macroporous adsorption resin purification, and decompression drying. LPS could establish the model for intestinal inflammation and barrier injury in mice. Three different doses of RGO were administered for three consecutive weeks. Then the weight, feces, and health status of the mice were recorded. After sacrificing the mice, their colon length and immune organ index were determined. The morphological changes of the ileum and colon were observed using Hematoxylin-eosin (H&amp;E) staining, followed by measuring the villus length and recess depth. RT-qPCR was utilized to detect the relative mRNA expression of intestinal zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)<\/jats:italic> and occludin<\/jats:italic>. The expression of inflammatory factors and oxidation markers within ileum and colon tissues and the digestive enzyme activities in the ileum contents were detected using ELISA. The content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the colon was determined with GC. The gut microbial composition and diversity changes were determined with 16S-rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The association between intestinal microorganisms and SCFAs, occludins, digestive enzymes, inflammatory factor contents, and antioxidant indexes was also analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>RGO significantly increased the weight, pancreatic index, thymus index, and colon length of mice compared with the model group. Moreover, it also improved the intestinal tissue structure and increased the expression of intestinal barrier-related junction proteins ZO-1 and Occludin. The contents of IL-6, IL-17, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1 in the intestinal tissues of mice were significantly reduced. Additionally, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) were elevated. In contrast, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased. Trypsin and pancreatic lipase activities in the ileum enhanced, and the SCFA contents such as acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid in the colon increased. The study on intestinal flora revealed that RGO could enhance the abundance of intestinal flora and improve the flora structure. After RGO intervention, the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>, and Akkermania<\/jats:italic> bacteria in the intestinal tract of mice increased compared with the model group, while that of Actinomycetes decreased. The intestinal microbiota structure changed to the case, with probiotics playing a dominant role. The correlation analysis indicated that Lactobacillus and Ackermann bacteria in the intestinal tract of mice were positively associated with SCFAs, Occludin, ZO-1<\/jats:italic>, pancreatic amylase, SOD, and CAT activities. Moreover, they were negatively correlated with inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-17, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>RGO can decrease LPS-induced intestinal inflammation and intestinal barrier injury in mice and protect their intestinal function. RGO can ameliorate intestinal inflammation and maintain the intestinal barrier by regulating intestinal flora.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1139006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T12:00:04Z","timestamp":1677153604000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Oligosaccharides isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa protect LPS-induced intestinal inflammation and barrier injury in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuefang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erjuan","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lixian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liqin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhining","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zihong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuebing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Protective Effect of Pilose Antler Protein on LPS Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Mice","author":"Wang","year":"2021"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1000-4718.2021.09.007","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal barrier damage in mice by regulating TXNIP\/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway","volume":"37","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Pathophysiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00843-8","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the attenuation of intestinal inflammation and modulation of the gut microbiome by krill oil using in vitro and in vivo models","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01164-1","article-title":"Artesunate ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by protecting intestinal barrier and inhibiting inflammatory response","volume":"43","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.7501\/j.issn.0253-2670.2021.06.028","article-title":"Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological actions of Rehmannia glutinosa","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Trad Herbal Drugs"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.16333\/j.1001-6880.2021.9.004","article-title":"Purification, physicochemical property and antioxidant activity analysis of oligosaccharides from the fresh roots of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch","volume":"33","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res Dev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.13309\/j.cnki.pmi.2017.06.016","article-title":"Progress on regulation mechanism of intestinal flora by several common functional oligosaccharides","volume":"45","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Progr Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-020-09738-4","article-title":"Cell wall contents of probiotics (Lactobacillus species) protect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine colitis by limiting immuno-inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"13","author":"Chorawala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Probiot Antimicrobial Protein"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2022.03.010","article-title":"GPP (composition of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides and Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides) protects against DSS-induced murine colitis by enhancing immune function and regulating intestinal flora","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Science and Human Wellness"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.0253-9802.2020.09.010","article-title":"Effect of combination of invigorating spleen recipes and enteral nutrition on intestinal flora in rats with ulcerative colitis","volume":"51","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J N Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1159\/000475640","article-title":"Allicin decreases lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through suppression of mitochondrial dysfunction and activation ofNrf2","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1800720","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800720","article-title":"Protective effect of proanthocyanidins in a rat model of mild intestinal inflammation and impaired intestinal permeability induced by LPS","volume":"63","author":"Gil-Cardoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2021.107061","article-title":"Pectin polysaccharide from Flos Magnoliae (Xin Yi, Magnolia biondii Pamp. flower buds): hot-compressed water extraction, purification and partial structural characterization","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Hydrocolloids"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Effects of Lipopolysaccharide Onmorphology and Defense Function Ofintestinal Mucosal Epithelial Barrier in Mice","author":"Li","year":"2021"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-267x.2011.04.019","article-title":"The use composite antioxidants to repair intestinal tract injuries of rats induced by lipopolysaccharide","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin J Anim Nutr"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-267x.2022.03.059","article-title":"Effects of thymol and rosmarinic acid combination on growth performance, inflammatory response and intestinal health of lipopolysaccharide- challenged rats","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Anim Nutr"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.042","article-title":"Effffects of Nigella sativa seed polysaccharides on type 2 diabetic mice and gut microbiota","volume":"159","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.06.011","article-title":"Proteobacteria: microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2021.07.003","article-title":"Resveratrol and its derivate improve inflammatory bowel disease by targeting gut microbiota and inflammatory signaling pathways","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci Hum Wellness"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9979","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.28280","article-title":"The inhibitory effects of Qingchang Wenzhong granule on the interactive network of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in rats with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis","volume":"120","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101886","article-title":"Tempol ameliorates polycystic ovary syndrome through attenuating intestinal oxidative stress and modulating of gut microbiota composition-serum metabolites interaction","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841230","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.841230","article-title":"The effect of flammulina velutipes polysaccharide on immunization analyzed by intestinal flora and proteomics","volume":"9","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.13193\/j.issn.1673-7717.2022.07.012","article-title":"Mechanism of invigorating spleen and clearing intestines method inhibiting chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis by regulating TLRs\/NF-KB pathway","volume":"40","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2022.04.036","article-title":"Antioxidant effect of Lactobacillus fermentum HFY02- fermented soy milk on D-galactose-induced aging mouse model","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci Hum Wellness"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.19556\/j.0258-7033.20210305-06","article-title":"Research progress on the effect of probiotics on bone metabolism by gut microbiota in chickens","volume":"58","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin J Anim Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1528.2021.01.039","article-title":"Regulation of Jianpi Qushi ointment on gastrointestinal function in rats","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Trad Patent Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021094","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1021094","article-title":"Mucin-degrading gut commensals isolated from healthy faecal donor suppress intestinal epithelial inflammation and regulate tight junction barrier function","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.13560\/j.cnki.biotech.bull.1985.2021-0149","article-title":"Effects of total glycosides of Qiwei Baizhu powder on intestinal microbiota and enzyme activities in diarrhea mice","volume":"37","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bull."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2018.1426611","article-title":"Influences of Aflatoxin B1 on main intestinal bacteria communities and enzyme activities in mice","volume":"38","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxin Rev"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-9463.2020.09.029","article-title":"Research progress on the relationship between short chain fatty acids and intestinal diseases","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Modern Med J China."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751992","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.751992","article-title":"Cereus sinensis polysaccharide alleviates antibiotic- associated diarrhea based on modulating the gut microbiota in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"8","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947367","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.947367","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum alleviates obesity by altering the composition of the gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112305","article-title":"The effect of microbial composition and proteomic on improvement of functional constipation by Chrysanthemum morifolium polysaccharide","volume":"153","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.7501\/j.issn.0253-2670.2022.10.014","article-title":"Experimental study on improvement of bacterial enteritis and regulation of intestinal flora in mice by punicalagin","volume":"53","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chinese Trad Herbal Drugs"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846409","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.846409","article-title":"Polyphenol extracts from germinated mung beans can improve type 2 diabetes in mice by regulating intestinal microflora and inhibiting inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109316","article-title":"Effect of Durio Zibethinus rind polysaccharide on functional constipation and intestinal microbiota in rats","volume":"136","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res Int."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2022.04.002","article-title":"Bacteroides utilization for dietary polysaccharides and their beneficial effects on gut health","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci Hum Wellness"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23469-2","article-title":"Lentinan improves intestinal inflammation and gut dysbiosis in antibiotics-induced mice","volume":"12","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B39","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Regulation of Akkermansia muciniphila on Intestinal Barrier and Related Genes","author":"Liu","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1139006\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T12:00:22Z","timestamp":1677153622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1139006\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2023.1139006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1139006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"article-number":"1139006"}}