{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:49:14Z","timestamp":1791560954787,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is a widespread issue globally, resulting in increased use of vitamin D supplements. However, it is unclear whether intermittent (weekly or monthly) vitamin D supplementation is as effective as daily supplementation in improving circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three databases including Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched up to 10 November 2020. The risk of bias was evaluated according to Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for rating methodological quality assessment. Direct and indirect comparisons between interventions and controls were performed by a Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA), where the mean difference (MD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to indicate the efficacy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This NMA analysis included 116 RCTs with a total of 11,376 participants. Generally, we observed that 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly elevated regardless of vitamin D supplementation frequency. Although the findings of SUCRA indicated that daily vitamin D supplementation had a higher rank value than intermittent supplementation when the supplement dosage was similar, no statistically significant pooled mean differences of 25(OH)D concentration were noted between the daily supplementation group and intermittent supplementation group. Additionally, weekly supplementation with a total of 600,000\u2009IU vitamin D supplementation during 3\u2009months had the best efficacy in elevating 25(OH)D concentration (pooled MD\u2009=\u200963\u2009nmol\/L, 95%CI: 49\u201377). To achieve optimal 25(OH)D concentration (&amp;gt;75\u2009nmol\/L), we recommend 60,000\u2009IU vitamin D supplementation monthly (~2,000\u2009IU\/day).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The efficacy of intermittent vitamin D supplementation was similar to daily supplementation. Coupled with its convenience, the frequency and dosage of intermittent vitamin D supplements were recommended to reach the optimal 25(OH)D level.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Systematic review registration:<\/jats:bold><jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/display_record.php?RecordID=257257<\/jats:ext-link>, PROSPERO CRD42021257257.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1168115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:31:08Z","timestamp":1692873068000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Efficacy of intermittent versus daily vitamin D supplementation on improving circulating 25(OH)D concentration: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peihan","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyue","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenliang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuting","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjia","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunxian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.02.021","article-title":"Worldwide status of vitamin D nutrition","volume":"121","author":"Lips","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70165-7","article-title":"Vitamin D status and ill health: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Autier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26498","article-title":"Screening for vitamin D deficiency in adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force","volume":"325","author":"Kahwati","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0417-x","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the response of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration to vitamin D supplementation from RCTs from around the globe","volume":"73","author":"Mo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1713218","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D3 supplementation for 12 weeks on serum levels of anabolic hormones, anaerobic power, and aerobic performance in active male subjects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Ramezani Ahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-019-0504-9","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D fortified foods on bone markers and muscle strength in women of Pakistani and Danish origin living in Denmark: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Gronborg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1159\/000500016","article-title":"The effect of vitamin d supplement consumption on premenstrual syndrome in vitamin d-deficient young girls: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement Med Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s43043-019-0005-y","article-title":"Impact of vitamin D supplementation on cardio-metabolic status and androgen profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Rashad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Middle East Fertil Soc J"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.03.007","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on metabolic and endocrine parameters in healthy premenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"39","author":"Trummer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.09.024","article-title":"Androgens and hirsutism score of overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome improved after vitamin D treatment: a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial","volume":"40","author":"Al-Bayyari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S203176","article-title":"Does vitamin D affect diabetic neuropathic pain and balance?","volume":"13","author":"Sari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050459","article-title":"Acute vitamin D(3) supplementation in severe obesity: evaluation of multimeric adiponectin","volume":"9","author":"Mai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2018.12.002","article-title":"Adverse events from large dose vitamin D supplementation taken for one year or longer","volume":"188","author":"Malihi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02719-4","article-title":"Adherence and barriers to the vitamin D and calcium supplement recommendation at Danish nursing homes: a cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Mortensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","article-title":"The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations","volume":"162","author":"Hutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021)","author":"Higgins","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1429","article-title":"Optimally estimating the sample standard deviation from the five-number summary","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1875","article-title":"Combination of direct and indirect evidence in mixed treatment comparisons","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.03.016","article-title":"Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment meta-analysis: an overview and tutorial","volume":"64","author":"Salanti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3767","article-title":"Checking consistency in mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Dias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4172","article-title":"Multivariate meta-analysis: potential and promise","volume":"30","author":"Jackson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0749-4","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and physical performance in athletes: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"47","author":"Farrokhyar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24623.3","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on 25(OH)D concentrations and blood pressure in the elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Farapti","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.278","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of daily versus monthly vitamin D3 supplementation in non-lactating women","volume":"68","author":"Meekins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1137-9","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial to comparing efficacy of daily, weekly and monthly administration of vitamin D3","volume":"55","author":"Takacs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0241","article-title":"Comparison of daily, weekly, and monthly vitamin D3 in ethanol dosing protocols for two months in elderly hip fracture patients","volume":"93","author":"Ish-Shalom","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1168115\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:31:20Z","timestamp":1692873080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1168115\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2023.1168115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1168115","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"article-number":"1168115"}}