{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:09:03Z","timestamp":1790233743101,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the efficacy of supplementing with a multi-strain probiotic (MSP) on changes associated with mood, anxiety, and neurotransmitter levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion, 70 healthy men and women (31.0\u2009\u00b1\u20099.5\u2009years, 173.0\u2009\u00b1\u200910.4\u2009cm, 73.9\u2009\u00b1\u200913.8\u2009kg, 24.6\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) supplemented with a single capsule of MSP (a total daily dose of 4 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> live cells comprised of a 1 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u2009live cells dose from each of the following strains: <jats:italic>Limosilactobacillus fermentum<\/jats:italic> LF16, <jats:italic>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic> LR06, <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic> LP01, and <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:italic> 04, Probiotical S.p.A., Novara, Italy) or a maltodextrin placebo (PLA). After 0, 2, 4, and 6\u2009weeks of supplementation and 3\u2009weeks after ceasing supplementation, study participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity (LEIDS-R) questionnaires and had plasma concentrations of cortisol, dopamine, serotonin, and C-reactive protein determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>BDI, STAI, and total LEIDS-R scores were reduced from baseline (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) with MSP supplementation after 4 and 6\u2009weeks of supplementation and 3\u2009weeks after supplementation while no changes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05) were reported in PLA. When compared to PLA, MSP scores for state anxiety, trait anxiety, and LEIDS-R (hopeless, aggression, rumination, and total score) were significantly lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) after supplementation. Plasma serotonin concentrations in MSP were increased from baseline after 6\u2009weeks of supplementation and 3\u2009weeks after ceasing supplementation. No changes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05) in plasma dopamine, C-reactive protein, or cortisol concentrations were observed between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>MSP supplementation resulted in widespread improvements in several questionnaires evaluating mood, anxiety, and depression in young, healthy men and women. MSP supplementation increased serotonin increased after 6\u2009weeks of MSP supplementation with no change in dopamine, C-reactive protein, or cortisol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link>https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05343533<\/jats:ext-link>, NCT05343533.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1219313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T12:55:31Z","timestamp":1693486531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A randomized controlled trial to examine the impact of a multi-strain probiotic on self-reported indicators of depression, anxiety, mood, and associated biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kylie E.","family":"Walden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony M.","family":"Hagele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah E.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connor J.","family":"Gaige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joesi M.","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"J\u00e4ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petey W.","family":"Mumford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad M.","family":"Kerksick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2011.00094","article-title":"Brain-gut-microbe communication in health and disease","volume":"2","author":"Grenham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.41.030179.000331","article-title":"Neural and hormonal regulation of gastrointestinal function: an overview","volume":"41","author":"Grossman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annu Rev 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