{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T17:43:26Z","timestamp":1769276606192,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008903","name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008903","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dietary and psychological status contributes to the development of coronary artery disease. However, these lifestyle factors may vary depending on ethnic and environmental background, and secondary prevention programs dealing with these factors in a specific population are not well-established. We aimed to assess dietary and psychological characteristics in Korean patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and analyze their interactions as independent risk factors for ACS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ninety-two patients with ACS (29 acute myocardial infarction and 63 unstable angina) and 69 controls were subjected to dietary and psychological analyses. Dietary intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Psychological depression and perceived stress were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Perceived Stress Scale, respectively. Eight domains of life satisfaction (marital\/love relationship, leisure, standard of living, job, health, family life, sex life, and self) were assessed using the Domain Satisfaction Questionnaire (DSQ).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ACS group had a higher consumption of sweets and fish\/seafood, as well as higher levels of depressive symptoms. Additionally, they had lower DSQ scores in total, and all eight individual domains compared with the control group. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, sweet intake (OR 4.57, 95% CI: 1.94\u201311.40) and total DSQ scores (OR 0.34, 95% CI: 0.14\u20130.81) were identified as independent risk factors for ACS. Furthermore, these factors, which displayed a significant inverse correlation (\u03c1 = \u22120.23, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01), were determined as having a synergistic contribution to the development of ACS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>High sweet food intake and low life satisfaction can act as risk factors for ACS through a synergistic interaction, which emphasizes a demand for a more comprehensive approach to secondary prevention of ACS. In addition, these data highlight the role of positive psychological wellbeing factors in cardiovascular health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1221916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T13:26:19Z","timestamp":1691414779000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["High intake of sweet foods and low life satisfaction can act as risk factors for acute coronary syndrome through synergistic interaction"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jisun","family":"So","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyong-Mee","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihyeon","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Byungmi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyejin","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung Nim","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ick-Mo","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32152-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"Naghavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa053935","article-title":"Explaining the decrease in U","volume":"356","author":"Ford","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1082","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000624","article-title":"2018 AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA Guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"139","author":"Grundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.02.046","article-title":"Guidelines for cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes: JACC guideline comparison","volume":"79","author":"Kelsey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2018.09.026","article-title":"Nature of cardiac rehabilitation around the globe","volume":"13","author":"Supervia","year":"2019","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8","article-title":"Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"393","author":"Afshin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704173361601","article-title":"A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH collaborative research group","volume":"336","author":"Appel","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001031","article-title":"2021 Dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"144","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.11.022","article-title":"Low compliance with dietary recommendations for food intake among adults","volume":"32","author":"de Abreu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.7491","article-title":"Dietary intake among US adults, 1999-2012","volume":"315","author":"Rehm","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020197","article-title":"Compliance with dietary guidelines varies by weight status: a cross-sectional study of Australian adults","volume":"10","author":"Hendrie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2022.05.056","article-title":"Depression and ischemic heart disease","volume":"364","author":"Pivato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2018.20.1\/mdehert","article-title":"The intriguing relationship between coronary heart disease and mental disorders","volume":"20","author":"De Hert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000948","article-title":"Specificity in associations of anger frequency and expression with different causes of mortality over 20 years","volume":"83","author":"Trudel-Fitzgerald","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e008073","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.008073","article-title":"Association between work-related stress and coronary heart disease: a review of prospective studies through the job strain, effort-reward balance, and organizational justice models","volume":"7","author":"Sara","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"B16","year":"1998","journal-title":"World Health Report 1998: Life in the 21st Century, A Vision for All"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2018.11.013","article-title":"The effect of cardiac rehabilitation on health-related quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Francis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198769","article-title":"Physical activity moderates the deleterious relationship between cardiovascular disease, or its risk factors, and quality of life: findings from two population-based cohort studies in Southern Brazil and South Australia","author":"De Menezes Caceres","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000090892","article-title":"Psychological well-being and ill-being: do they have distinct or mirrored biological correlates?","volume":"75","author":"Ryff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1348\/135910703762879246","article-title":"Evidence for the independence of positive and negative well-being: implications for quality of life assessment","volume":"8","author":"Huppert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.125","article-title":"Lessons from contemporary trials of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"232","author":"van Halewijn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"173","article-title":"Development of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire based on dietary data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"6","author":"Ahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutr Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602657","article-title":"Validation and reproducibility of food frequency questionnaire for Korean genome epidemiologic study","volume":"61","author":"Ahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr203","article-title":"Heart health when life is satisfying: evidence from the Whitehall II cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Boehm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B27","unstructured":"ViennaR Foundation for Statistical Computing2021"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2022.100432","article-title":"Defining preventive cardiology: a clinical practice statement from the American Society for Preventive Cardiology","volume":"12","author":"German","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Prev Cardiol."},{"key":"B29","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curbing Global Sugar Consumption: Effective Food Policy Actions to Help Promote Healthy Diets and Tackle Obesity."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0983","article-title":"Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: a randomized, controlled pilot study","volume":"117","author":"Ebbeling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2010.01.036","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: epidemiologic evidence","volume":"100","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Behav."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.689935","article-title":"Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community","volume":"116","author":"Dhingra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.8.927","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverages, weight gain, and incidence of type 2 diabetes in young and middle-aged women","volume":"292","author":"Schulze","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.911164","article-title":"Reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with reduced blood pressure: a prospective study among United States adults","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.11.010","article-title":"Baseline consumption and changes in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and the incidence of hypertension: the SUN project","volume":"34","author":"Sayon-Orea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.13563","article-title":"Added sugar intake and cardiovascular diseases mortality among US adults","volume":"174","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517000046","article-title":"Soft drink consumption is associated with increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome only in women","volume":"117","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101467","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in relation to obesity and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults: a cross-sectional study from the 2012\u20132016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)","volume":"10","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1617-1","article-title":"Association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and incident hypertension in Korean adults: a prospective study","volume":"58","author":"Kwak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.20.0114","article-title":"Association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of cardiovascular disease in Korean men: analysis based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014-2016","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J Fam Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2022.16.4.476","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and total sugars intake in Korea: evidence from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016\u20132018","volume":"16","author":"Shim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Res Pract"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4163\/jnh.2014.47.4.268","article-title":"Dietary total sugar intake of Koreans: based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2008-2011","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nutr Health."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.2014.23.4.11","article-title":"Coffee consumption patterns in Korean adults: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2011)","volume":"23","author":"Je","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.07.007","article-title":"Instant coffee consumption may be associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults","volume":"106","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e596","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000725","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"140","author":"Arnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B46","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102506","article-title":"Oily fish consumption and the risk of dyslipidemia in Korean adults: a prospective cohort study based on the health examinees gem (HEXA-G) study","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2015.9.5.496","article-title":"Association between fish and shellfish, and omega-3 PUFAs intake and CVD risk factors in middle-aged female patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Res Pract."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S214","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001602","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.0036","article-title":"Associations of fish consumption with risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality among individuals with or without vascular disease from 58 countries","volume":"181","author":"Mohan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.16.2192","article-title":"Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy","volume":"99","author":"Rozanski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.189","article-title":"Effects of stress on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease","volume":"15","author":"Kivim\u00e4ki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.10.983","article-title":"Self-reported life satisfaction and 20-year mortality in healthy Finnish adults","volume":"152","author":"Koivumaa-Honkanen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B54","first-page":"50","article-title":"The WHO world health report 2001 new understanding\u2013new hope","volume":"39","author":"Levav","year":"2002","journal-title":"Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.181","article-title":"Depression and coronary heart disease","volume":"14","author":"Carney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.05.021","article-title":"The impact of sugar consumption on stress driven, emotional and addictive behaviors","volume":"103","author":"Jacques","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.05.005","article-title":"Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, depression, and antidepressant medications: meta-analyses and implications","volume":"64","author":"Sen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1221916\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T13:26:31Z","timestamp":1691414791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1221916\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2023.1221916"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1221916","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"article-number":"1221916"}}