{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T13:39:27Z","timestamp":1782740367354,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Iran has a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) than the global level. This study aimed to assess VDD prevention policies in Iran through a policy analysis of agenda setting using the multiple streams framework (MSF).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using Kingdon's MSF model, this qualitative analytical study performed a policy analysis on vitamin D-related policies in Iran. The policy documents were reviewed, and in-depth interviews were conducted with stakeholders (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 27) using the framework analysis method. To categorize data and extract the related themes, MAXQDA version 10 was used.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to Kingdon's MSF theory, the problem stream included the high prevalence of VDD among Iranian infants (23.3%), adolescents (76%), and adults (59.1%). The policy stream was identified to focus on preventing programs for non-communicable diseases in the health sector. The political stream indicated that national and international support could provide a political climate for this issue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to our results, a window of opportunity for policymaking on VDD prevention has opened. However, there are some challenges related to the implementation of these policies. These include the dominance of a treatment-based view rather than a prevention-based approach in the health sector, economic problems, and restricted access to health services due to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To strengthen and implement VDD prevention policies, the stakeholders need support from high-level policymakers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1249402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T15:40:21Z","timestamp":1692805221000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Vitamin D deficiency prevention policies in Iran: a retrospective policy analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Baharak","family":"Aghapour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sorayya","family":"Kheirouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahim","family":"Khodayari-Zarnaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2015","article-title":"Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects","volume":"96","author":"Christakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-00980-9","article-title":"Global perspective of the vitamin D status of African-Caribbean populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Vearing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.24494","article-title":"Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health","volume":"5","author":"Wacker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?","volume":"144","author":"Palacios","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12210","article-title":"Global summary of maternal and newborn vitamin D status\u2013a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Saraf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1607-3","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency a public health concern for low middle income countries? 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