{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:40:11Z","timestamp":1792680011204,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly common globally, particularly among postmenopausal women. Diet plays a fundamental role in the treatment of NAFLD. However, clinical research on the dietary intakes of B vitamins, specifically in postmenopausal women, is scant. Hence, it is imperative to study the impact of B vitamin dietary intake in postmenopausal women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study utilized National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for 668 postmenopausal women. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the association of the intakes of B vitamins with hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis prevalence. The analysis accounted for various covariates and employed restricted cubic spline analysis to examine potential nonlinear relationships. Additionally, interactions among age, diabetes, and B-vitamin intakes, as well as the interaction between folate and vitamin B12 intake, were explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher intakes of folate [0.30 (0.10\u20130.88)], choline [0.26 (0.07\u20130.95)], vitamin B1, and vitamin B2 were associated with a reduced risk of hepatic steatosis in postmenopausal women. The associations of niacin (P-nonlinear\u2009=\u20090.0003), vitamin B1 (P-nonlinear\u2009=\u20090.036), and vitamin B2 (P-nonlinear&amp;lt;0.0001) intakes with hepatic steatosis showed a nonlinear pattern. However, no significant associations were observed between the intakes of niacin, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 and hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, there were no significant associations between B-vitamin intakes and liver fibrosis. No interaction effects were observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dietary intakes of folate, choline, vitamin B1, and vitamin B2 may be associated with liver steatosis in postmenopausal women, these results suggest that optimizing the intake of these specific B vitamins may have a protective effect against liver steatosis in postmenopausal women, offering valuable insights into potential dietary strategies to promote their well-being.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1272321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T08:17:55Z","timestamp":1697703475000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Association between dietary intakes of B vitamins and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jiajie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingda","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqing","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2298","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a review","volume":"323","author":"Sheka","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.07.021","article-title":"Can we use old Nafld data under the new Masld definition?","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30626","article-title":"Sex differences in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: state of the art and identification of research gaps","volume":"70","author":"Lonardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, Md)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1285","article-title":"Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the female population","volume":"3","author":"Arshad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology communications"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2017.10.015","article-title":"Estrogens and female liver health","volume":"133","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26761","article-title":"Gender and menopause impact severity of fibrosis among patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatol (Baltimore, Md)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.11.051","article-title":"Aga clinical practice update on lifestyle modification using diet and exercise to achieve weight loss in the Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: expert review","volume":"160","author":"Younossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138078","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1138078","article-title":"Vitamin D improves hepatic steatosis in Nafld via regulation of fatty acid uptake and \u0392-oxidation","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2019.06.005","article-title":"Dietary vitamin E and C intake is inversely associated with the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"51","author":"Ivancovsky-Wajcman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8227com","article-title":"Phosphatidylethanolamine N- methyltransferase (Pemt) gene expression is induced by Estrogen in human and mouse primary hepatocytes","volume":"21","author":"Resseguie","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9296","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169296","article-title":"Hepatic Pemt expression decreases with increasing Nafld severity","volume":"23","author":"Piras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.020156","article-title":"Choline Intake in a Large Cohort of Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"95","author":"Guerrerio","year":"2012","journal-title":"The American journal of clinical nutrition"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P023614","article-title":"Liver fat reduction with niacin is influenced by Dgat-2 polymorphisms in Hypertriglyceridemic patients","volume":"53","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18195-8","article-title":"The effects of vitamin B12 supplementation on metabolic profile of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Talari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac285","article-title":"Homocysteine, folate, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization investigation","volume":"116","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061224","article-title":"The association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Nafld) and advanced fibrosis with serological vitamin B12 markers: results from the Nhanes 1999-2004","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2011.649249","article-title":"Serum vitamin B12 and folate levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"63","author":"Polyzos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.06.033","article-title":"Vitamin B(12) and folate decrease inflammation and fibrosis in Nash by preventing Syntaxin 17 Homocysteinylation","volume":"77","author":"Tripathi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.45.4.344","article-title":"Microbiological assay on microtitre plates of folate in serum and red cells","volume":"45","author":"O'Broin","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.12.022","article-title":"Individual patient data meta-analysis of controlled attenuation parameter (cap) Technology for Assessing Steatosis","volume":"66","author":"Karlas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23312","article-title":"Diagnosis of fibrosis and cirrhosis using liver stiffness measurement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"51","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatol (Baltimore, Md)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36258","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.265348","article-title":"Deletion of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase in mice perturbs choline and 1-carbon metabolism, resulting in fatty liver and hepatocellular carcinomas","volume":"286","author":"Teng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i23.2468","article-title":"Dynamic alterations in the gut microbiota and metabolome during the development of methionine-choline-deficient diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.11.049","article-title":"Association between composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiome and development of fatty liver with choline deficiency","volume":"140","author":"Spencer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.08.005","article-title":"Microbiota-driven gut vascular barrier disruption is a prerequisite for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis development","volume":"71","author":"Mouries","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2015.01.001","article-title":"Hepatic injury in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis contributes to altered intestinal permeability","volume":"1","author":"Luther","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082340","article-title":"The relationship between choline bioavailability from diet, intestinal microbiota composition, and its modulation of human diseases","volume":"12","author":"Arias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19820063","article-title":"Effect of experimental folate deficiency on lipid metabolism in liver and brain","volume":"47","author":"Akesson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/124.11.2197","article-title":"Severe folate deficiency causes secondary depletion of choline and Phosphocholine in rat liver","volume":"124","author":"Kim","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.199117","article-title":"Obesity is associated with increased red blood cell folate despite lower dietary intakes and serum concentrations","volume":"145","author":"Bird","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00071","article-title":"A description of risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the southern community cohort study: a nested case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Sarkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"IOM dietary reference intakes for Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline","year":""},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.12.006","article-title":"High folic acid intake reduces natural killer cell cytotoxicity in aged mice","volume":"30","author":"Sawaengsri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2019.10.006","article-title":"Niacin for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (Nafld): novel use for an old drug?","volume":"13","author":"Kashyap","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.05.002","article-title":"Niacin inhibits fat accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokine Il-8 in cultured hepatocytes: impact on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"64","author":"Ganji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48355","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.048355","article-title":"High-dose vitamin B1 therapy prevents the development of experimental fatty liver driven by Overnutrition","volume":"14","author":"Kalyesubula","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1272321\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T08:17:58Z","timestamp":1697703478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1272321\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2023.1272321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1272321","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"article-number":"1272321"}}