{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:23:39Z","timestamp":1792790619284,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81874466, 81904176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81874466, 81904176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021JJ30531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JJ30531"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023JJ60044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ60044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to provide a timely, comprehensive, and reliable assessment of the burden of iron deficiency (ID) in children between 1990 and 2019 at the global, regional, and national levels to inform policymakers in developing locally appropriate health policies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data related to ID among children younger than 15\u2009years old were analyzed by sex, age, year, socio-demographic index (SDI), and location according to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). Age-standardized rates were used to compare the burden between different regions and countries. Furthermore, the Joinpoint regression model was used to assess temporal trends from 1990 to 2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2019, the number of prevalent cases and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for ID in children were 391,491,699 and 13,620,231, respectively. The global age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates for childhood ID in 2019 were 20,146.35 (95% confidence interval: 19,407.85 to 20,888.54) and 698.90 (466.54 to 1015.31) per 100,000, respectively. Over the past 30\u2009years, the global prevalence of ID among children has been highest in low-SDI regions, particularly in Western Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa. Since 1990, the prevalence and DALY of ID in children have been declining in most geographic regions. Nationally, Ecuador, China, and Chile have shown the most significant decreases in prevalence. The greatest decline in age-standardized DALY rate was observed in Ecuador, while Burkina Faso experienced the highest increase. Bhutan had the highest prevalence and DALY rates in 2019. On the age level, the prevalence was relatively higher among the &amp;lt;5\u2009years age group. At the gender dimension, the prevalence of ID in children overall was more pronounced in girls than in boys, as was the case for DALY.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the burden of ID in children has been declining, this disease remains a major public health problem, especially in countries with low SDI. Children younger than 5\u2009years of age are an important group for whom targeted measures are needed to reduce the burden of ID.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1275291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T07:57:24Z","timestamp":1702022244000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evolving trends and burden of iron deficiency among children, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenhan","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaxuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3034","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5083034","article-title":"Out of balance--systemic iron homeostasis in iron-related disorders","volume":"5","author":"Steinbicker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941093","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.941093","article-title":"Association between serum iron status and muscle mass in adults: results from NHANES 2015\u20132018","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2019000034","article-title":"Management of iron deficiency","volume":"2019","author":"Ning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2165\/00148581-200507060-00003","article-title":"Iron deficiency and impaired cognition in toddlers: an underestimated and undertreated problem","volume":"7","author":"Eden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-019-01276-1","article-title":"Iron deficiency, cognitive functions, and neurobehavioral disorders in children","volume":"68","author":"Pivina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/10408399609527748","article-title":"Iron and thermoregulation: a review","volume":"36","author":"Brigham","year":"1996","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/10408399908500491","article-title":"Iron, thermoregulation, and metabolic rate","volume":"39","author":"Rosenzweig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabq5384","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq5384","article-title":"Plasma iron controls neutrophil production and function","volume":"8","author":"Frost","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32594-0","article-title":"Iron deficiency","volume":"397","author":"Pasricha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70001-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995\u20132011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data","volume":"1","author":"Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.4276","article-title":"Global and National Burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013: findings from the global Burden of disease 2013 study","volume":"170","author":"Kyu","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04037-8","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of iron deficiency in Spanish children aged 1 to 11 years","volume":"180","author":"L\u00f3pez-Ruzafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30977-6","article-title":"Collaborators. 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