{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:20:53Z","timestamp":1787934053728,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overweight\/obesity (ow\/ob) is increasing in prevalence in pregnant women, and it is associated with other pro-inflammatory states, such as pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, and preterm labor. Data are lacking if mothers experiencing inflammatory states who deliver preterm have mother\u2019s own milk (MOM) with differing inflammatory markers or pro-inflammatory fatty acid (FA) profiles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim was to explore associations of maternal pre- and perinatal inflammatory states with levels of inflammatory markers and\/or FAs in longitudinal samples of MOM from mothers of preterm infants born &amp;lt;1,250\u2009g. Inflammatory states included pre-pregnancy ow\/ob, diabetes, chorioamnionitis (chorio), preterm labor (PTL), premature rupture of membranes (PROM), pre-eclampsia, and cesarian delivery. In MOM, inflammatory markers studied included c-reactive protein (CRP), free choline, IFN-\u0194, IL-10, IL-1\u03b2, IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-\u03b1, and FAs included omega-6:omega-3 ratio, arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, linoleic acid, monounsaturated FAs, and saturated FAs. The above inflammatory states were assessed individually, and the healthiest mothers (normal BMI, no chorio, and \u00b1 no pre-eclampsia) were grouped. Regression analysis tested associations at baseline (day 5) and over time using generalized estimating equations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 92 infants were included who were delivered to mothers (42% ow\/ob) at a median gestational age of 27.7\u2009weeks and birth weight of 850\u2009g. MOM CRP was 116% higher (relative change 2.16) in mothers with ow\/ob at baseline than others (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01), and lower (relative change 0.46, 0.33, respectively) in mothers in the two \u201chealthy groups\u201d at baseline (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) than others. MOM IL-8 levels were lower with chorio and PTL at baseline. No significant associations were found for other individual or grouped inflammatory states nor for other MOM inflammatory markers nor FA profiles at baseline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusion, MOM CRP levels are positively associated with inflammatory states, such as ow\/ob. Reassuringly, there was no association between FA profiles or most other inflammatory markers and maternal inflammatory states. Further studies are needed to determine potential associations or ramifications of MOM CRP in vulnerable preterm infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1290690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T13:56:58Z","timestamp":1712239018000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations of maternal inflammatory states with human milk composition in mothers of preterm 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