{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:00:13Z","timestamp":1791489613931,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Macronutrient intake can be one of the most influential factors in cognitive and neural development in adolescents. Adolescence is a specific period of cognitive and neural development, and nutritional effects during this period could be life-long. Therefore, understanding the effects of macronutrient intake on cognitive and neural development in adolescents is crucially important. We thus examined the association across macronutrient intake, intelligence, and neural development using population-based cohort data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted two studies. In study 1, we included a total of 1,734 participants (boys, 907, age [mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation] 171.9\u2009\u00b1\u20093.44\u2009months; range 163.0\u2013186.0\u2009months) from the Tokyo TEEN Cohort (TTC) to examine the association between macronutrient intake and intelligence quotient (IQ). In study 2, we included a total of 63 participants (boys, 38, age 174.4\u2009\u00b1\u20097.7\u2009months; range 160.7\u2013191.6\u2009months) to investigate the effect of nutrition intake on neural development using graph theory analysis for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) derived from a subset of the TTC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>TTC data revealed that a higher IQ was associated in boys with increased protein intake (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.068, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.031), and in girls, with reduced carbohydrate intake (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22120.076, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.024). Graph theory analysis for rs-fMRI at approximately age 12 has shown that impaired local efficiency in the left inferior frontal gyrus was associated with higher carbohydrate and fat intake ([x, y, z]\u2009=\u2009[\u221251, 23, 8], <jats:italic>p<jats:sub>FDR-corrected<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.00018 and 0.02290, respectively), whereas increased betweenness centrality in the left middle temporal gyrus was associated with higher carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake ([x, y, z]\u2009=\u2009[\u221261, \u221243, \u221213], <jats:italic>p<jats:sub>FDR-corrected<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0027, 0.0029, and 0.00075, respectively). Moreover, we identified a significant moderating effect of fat and protein intake on the relationship between change in <jats:italic>betweenness centrality<\/jats:italic> over a 2-year measurement gap in the left middle temporal gyrus and intelligence (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200912.41, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0457; <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200912.12, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0401, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study showed the association between macronutrient intake and neural development related to intelligence in early adolescents. Appropriate nutritional intake would be a key factor for healthy cognitive and neural development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1349738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,18]],"date-time":"2024-04-18T04:39:20Z","timestamp":1713415160000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Macronutrient intake is associated with intelligence and neural development in 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