{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T04:43:33Z","timestamp":1781412213282,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>With improvements in living conditions, modern individuals exhibit a pronounced inclination towards a high-fat diet, largely because of its distinctive gustatory appeal. However, the association between high-fat diets and metabolic complications has largely been ignored, and metabolic diseases such as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease now constitute a major public health concern. Because high-fat diets increase the risk of metabolic diseases, a thorough investigation into the impact of high-fat diets on gut microbiota and metabolism is required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We utilize 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics analysis to demonstrate that SD rats fed a high-fat diet exhibited marked alterations in gut microbiota and plasma, intestinal metabolism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Changes in gut microbiota included a decreased abundance at phylum level for Verrucomicrobiota, and a decreased abundance at genus level for <jats:italic>Akkermansia, Ralstonia, Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, significant changes were observed in both intestinal and plasma metabolite levels, including an upregulation of bile acid metabolism, an upregulation of glucose-lipid metabolism, and increased levels of metabolites such as norlithocholic acid, cholic acid, D-fructose, D-mannose, fructose lactate, and glycerophosphocholine. We also investigated the correlations between microbial communities and metabolites, revealing a significant negative correlation between <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic> bacteria and cholic acid.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, our findings shed light on the relationship between symbiotic bacteria associated with high-fat diets and metabolic biomarkers, and they provide insights for identifying novel therapeutic approaches to mitigate disease risks associated with a high-fat diet.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1359989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T04:58:57Z","timestamp":1712293137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multiomics analysis investigating the impact of a high-fat diet in female Sprague\u2013Dawley rats: alterations in plasma, intestinal metabolism, and microbial composition"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binhong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28990","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28990","article-title":"High fat diets induce colonic epithelial cell stress and inflammation that is reversed by IL-22","volume":"6","author":"Gulhane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0002822","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00028-22","article-title":"Gut microbiota-testis Axis: FMT mitigates high-fat diet-diminished male fertility via improving systemic and testicular metabolome","volume":"10","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10458-z","article-title":"High-fat diet increases pain behaviors in rats with or without obesity","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4341","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204341","article-title":"High-fat diet and female fertility across lifespan: a comparative lesson from mammal models","volume":"14","author":"Di Berardino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s13659-022-00335-2","article-title":"Indole alkaloids of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Alleviated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice fed with high-fat diet","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Bioprospect."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8050447","article-title":"Protective effects of Licochalcone a ameliorates obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via promotion of the Sirt-1\/AMPK pathway in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"8","author":"Liou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-022-2283-4","article-title":"High-fat diet impairs gut barrier through intestinal microbiota-derived reactive oxygen species","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3089","article-title":"The gut microbiota and obesity: from correlation to causality","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01069-y","article-title":"Diet, obesity, and the gut microbiome as determinants modulating metabolic outcomes in a non-human primate model","volume":"9","author":"Newman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-23802","article-title":"Bovine milk osteopontin improved intestinal health of high-fat diet pregnant rats through improving bile acid metabolism","volume":"107","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2023.100610","article-title":"Microbiota and nod-like receptors balance inflammation and metabolism during obesity and diabetes","volume":"46","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126038","article-title":"Fructus mori polysaccharide alleviates diabetic symptoms by regulating intestinal microbiota and intestinal barrier against TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"249","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.12.013","article-title":"Fatty acid overproduction by gut commensal microbiota exacerbates obesity","volume":"35","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317609","article-title":"Effects of dietary fat on gut microbiota and faecal metabolites, and their relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors: a 6-month randomised controlled-feeding trial","volume":"68","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842990","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1842990","article-title":"Phlorizin ameliorates obesity-associated endotoxemia and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed mice by targeting the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303839","article-title":"An increase in the Akkermansia spp. population induced by metformin treatment improves glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice","volume":"63","author":"Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020722","article-title":"Effects of the novel LaPLa-enriched medium- and long-chain Triacylglycerols on body weight, glycolipid metabolism, and gut microbiota composition in high fat diet-fed C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"28","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109212","article-title":"High-fat diet-activated fatty acid oxidation mediates intestinal stemness and tumorigenicity","volume":"35","author":"Mana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00398-0","article-title":"Impaired flux of bile acids from the liver to the gut reveals microbiome-immune interactions associated with liver damage","volume":"9","author":"Leung","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13030322","article-title":"Hepatic mitochondria-gut microbiota interactions in metabolism-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Bellanti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0510-8","article-title":"The gut microbiota drives the impact of bile acids and fat source in diet on mouse metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Just","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-017-0462-7","article-title":"Bile acid is a significant host factor shaping the gut microbiome of diet-induced obese mice","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-17-0584","article-title":"High-fat diet exposure from pre-pubertal age induces polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in rats","volume":"155","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-1009","article-title":"Retinopathy in a diet-induced type 2 diabetic rat model and role of epigenetic modifications","volume":"69","author":"Kowluru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","article-title":"FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies","volume":"27","author":"Mago\u010d","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics (Oxford)"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0470-z","article-title":"Optimizing taxonomic classification of marker-gene amplicon sequences with QIIME 2's q2-feature-classifier plugin","volume":"6","author":"Bokulich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.06.09","article-title":"Signatures within esophageal microbiota with progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851541","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.851541","article-title":"Prevention of high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia by Lactobacillus reuteri Fn041 through promoting cholesterol and bile salt excretion and intestinal mucosal barrier functions","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03624-x","article-title":"Obesity accelerates hair thinning by stem cell-centric converging mechanisms","volume":"595","author":"Morinaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1792826","article-title":"Nutrition and immune system: from the Mediterranean diet to dietary supplementary through the microbiota","volume":"61","author":"Barrea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3164","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113164","article-title":"High-fat, Western-style diet, systemic inflammation, and gut microbiota: a narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Malesza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71108","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071108","article-title":"Human gut microbiota changes reveal the progression of glucose intolerance","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuad039","article-title":"Faecalibacterium: a bacterial genus with promising human health applications","volume":"47","author":"Mart\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.23736\/s2724-6507.22.03752-6","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila as a novel powerful bacterial player in the treatment of metabolic disorders","volume":"47","author":"Kobyliak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol (Torino)"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-022-00973-6","article-title":"Disease-associated dysbiosis and potential therapeutic role of Akkermansia muciniphila, a mucus degrading bacteria of gut microbiome","volume":"67","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol (Praha)"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01101-1","article-title":"Review: microbial transformations of human bile acids","volume":"9","author":"Guzior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.042","article-title":"Atlas of circadian metabolism reveals system-wide coordination and communication between clocks","volume":"174","author":"Dyar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41456","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041456","article-title":"Plasma lysophosphatidylcholine levels are reduced in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Barber","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.08.015","article-title":"Integrative systems analysis identifies genetic and dietary modulators of bile acid homeostasis","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3692","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17183-8","article-title":"Bile acids drive the newborn's gut microbiota maturation","volume":"11","author":"van Best","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031816","article-title":"The black box Orchestra of gut Bacteria and Bile Acids: who is the conductor?","volume":"24","author":"Majait","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10976-3","article-title":"The effect of bile acids on the growth and global gene expression profiles in Akkermansia muciniphila","volume":"104","author":"Hagi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01279-6","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila protects mice against an emerging tick-borne viral pathogen","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2100536","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100536","article-title":"Decreased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila leads to the impairment of insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis in lean type 2 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0192","article-title":"Sex differences in adipose tissue distribution determine susceptibility to Neuroinflammation in mice with dietary obesity","volume":"72","author":"Stranahan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F680","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90505.2008","article-title":"Sex, diabetes and the kidney. American journal of physiology-renal","volume":"296","author":"Maric","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595373","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.595373","article-title":"Phycocyanin improves reproductive ability in obese female mice by restoring ovary and oocyte quality","volume":"8","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04010-3","article-title":"Oestrogen engages brain MC4R signalling to drive physical activity in female mice","volume":"599","author":"Krause","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4606","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO03331F","article-title":"Effects of three different mannans on obesity and gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed C57BL\/6J mice [10.1039\/D0FO03331F]","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795483","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.795483","article-title":"Polydextrose alleviates adipose tissue inflammation and modulates the gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4112","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4112","article-title":"Focus on the glycerophosphocholine pathway in choline phospholipid metabolism of cancer","volume":"32","author":"Sonkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1359989\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T04:59:00Z","timestamp":1712293140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1359989\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2024.1359989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1359989","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"article-number":"1359989"}}