{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T22:10:35Z","timestamp":1793398235778,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pulmonary neutrophilia is a hallmark of numerous airway diseases including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Neutrophilic asthma, Acute Lung Injury (ALI), Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of dietary interventions on lung health in context of pulmonary neutrophilia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Male BALB\/cByJ mice received 7 intra-nasal doses of either a vehicle or lipopolysaccharides (LPS). To study the effect of nutritional interventions they received 16 intra-gastric doses of either a vehicle (PBS) or the following supplements (1) probiotic\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium breve<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>B. breve<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) M16-V; (2) a prebiotic fiber mixture of short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides, long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides, and low-viscosity pectin in a 9:1:2 ratio (scGOS\/lcFOS\/lvPectin); and (3) A synbiotic combination\n                      <jats:italic>B. breve<\/jats:italic>\n                      M16-V and scGOS\/lcFOS\/lvPectin. Parameters for lung health included lung function, lung morphology and lung inflammation. Parameters for systemic immunomodulation included levels of fecal short chain fatty acids and regulatory T cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The synbiotic supplement protected against the LPS induced decline in lung function (35% improved lung resistance at baseline\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0002 and 25% at peak challenge,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0002), provided a significant relief from pulmonary neutrophilia (40.7% less neutrophils,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01) and improved the pulmonary neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) by 55.3% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0033). Supplements did not impact lung morphology in this specific experiment. LPS applied to the upper airways induced less fecal SCFAs production compared to mice that received PBS. The production of acetic acid between day \u22125 and day 16 was increased in all unchallenged mice (PBS-PBS\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0003; PBS-Pro\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001; PBS-Pre,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0045; PBS-Syn,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0005) which upon LPS challenge was only observed in mice that received the synbiotic mixture of\n                      <jats:italic>B. breve<\/jats:italic>\n                      M16-V and GOS:FOS:lvPectin (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0003). A moderate correlation was found for butyric acid and lung function parameters and a weak correlation was found between acetic acid, butyric acid and propionic acid concentrations and NLR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study suggests bidirectional gut lung cross-talk in a mouse model for pulmonary neutrophilia. Neutrophilic lung inflammation coexisted with attenuated levels of fecal SCFA. The beneficial effects of the synbiotic mixture of\n                      <jats:italic>B. breve<\/jats:italic>\n                      M16-V and GOS:FOS:lvPectin on lung health associated with enhanced levels of SCFAs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1371064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:53:26Z","timestamp":1719536006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["A synbiotic mixture of Bifidobacterium breve M16-V, oligosaccharides and pectin, enhances Short Chain Fatty Acid production and improves lung health in a preclinical model for pulmonary neutrophilia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Gillina F. G.","family":"Bezemer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara A. P.","family":"Diks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Mortaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"van Ark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen","family":"van Bergenhenegouwen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aletta D.","family":"Kraneveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gert","family":"Folkerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Garssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.5_suppl_2.386S","article-title":"Role of neutrophil elastase in hypersecretion during COPD exacerbations, and proposed therapies","volume":"117","author":"Nadel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198902093200606","article-title":"Tissue destruction by neutrophils","volume":"320","author":"Weiss","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.061986-0","article-title":"Neutrophils are needed for an effective immune response against pulmonary rat coronavirus infection, but also contribute to pathology","volume":"95","author":"Haick","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18411.1","article-title":"Understanding the role of neutrophils in chronic inflammatory airway disease","volume":"8","author":"Jasper","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00186109","article-title":"Neutrophils in chronic inflammatory airway diseases: can we target them and how?","volume":"35","author":"Gernez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.5.9806170","article-title":"Neutrophilic inflammation in severe persistent asthma","volume":"160","author":"Jatakanon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0691-x","article-title":"Neutrophil elastase in bronchiectasis","volume":"18","author":"Gramegna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(95)70128-1","article-title":"Prominent neutrophilic inflammation in sputum from subjects with asthma exacerbation","volume":"95","author":"Fahy","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.2.8049828","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in cystic-fibrosis patients with stable, clinically mild lung-disease suggest ongoing infection and inflammation","volume":"150","author":"Konstan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115738","article-title":"Neutrophil elastase in respiratory epithelial lining fluid of individuals with cystic-fibrosis induces Interleukin-8 gene-expression in a human bronchial epithelial-cell line","volume":"89","author":"Nakamura","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.019349","article-title":"Relationship between peripheral airway dysfunction, airway obstruction, and neutrophilic inflammation in COPD","volume":"59","author":"O'Donnell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200208-794OC","article-title":"Biopsy neutrophilia, neutrophil chemokine and receptor gene expression in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"168","author":"Qiu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6710278","article-title":"Advanced role of neutrophils in common respiratory diseases","volume":"2017","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L217","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00311.2013","article-title":"The mercurial nature of neutrophils: still an enigma in ARDS?","volume":"306","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30105-3","article-title":"Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"8","author":"Soriano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.5124\/jkma.2018.61.9.533","article-title":"Prevalence and socioeconomic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"61","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Korean Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066804","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1066804","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of chronic respiratory diseases and associated risk factors, 1990\u22122019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25819","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Lagunas-Rangel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China","volume":"71","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02374-0","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts critical illness patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in the early stage","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.002","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an independent risk factor for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01338-8","article-title":"Analysis of clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of 95 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a retrospective analysis","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00151","article-title":"Gut microbiota: An integral moderator in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.11.007","article-title":"Pharma-nutrition interface: the gap is narrowing","volume":"651","author":"Georgiou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature.2016.19136","article-title":"Scientists bust myth that our bodies have more bacteria than human cells","author":"Abbott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8030092","article-title":"Prebiotics: definition, types, sources, mechanisms, and clinical applications","volume":"8","author":"Davani-Davari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Secur"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.142","article-title":"Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis","volume":"15","author":"Budden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00454-20","article-title":"Gut microbiota: the emerging link to lung homeostasis and disease","volume":"203","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S150","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201503-133AW","article-title":"The gut-lung Axis in respiratory disease","volume":"12","author":"Marsland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0160-6","article-title":"Microbes, metabolites, and the gut-lung axis","volume":"12","author":"Dang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.113779","article-title":"Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics: current status and recommendations for future research","volume":"140","author":"Rijkers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0344-2","article-title":"The international scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics","volume":"17","author":"Swanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030818","article-title":"Nutrition and the Immune System: A Complicated Tango","volume":"12","author":"Venter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2022-0365ED","article-title":"The gut-lung Axis: What's below the diaphragm is also important","volume":"67","author":"Hung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.111.004622","article-title":"Dual role of toll-like receptors in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"64","author":"Bezemer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-32636-7_1","article-title":"TLR signaling","volume":"311","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20090272","article-title":"Pathogen recognition in the innate immune response","volume":"420","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/672395","article-title":"DAMPening inflammation by modulating TLR signalling","volume":"2010","author":"Piccinini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2707","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signalling in the intestinal epithelium: how bacterial recognition shapes intestinal function","volume":"10","author":"Abreu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64360-X","article-title":"Commensal-associated molecular patterns induce selective toll-like receptor-trafficking from apical membrane to cytoplasmic compartments in polarized intestinal epithelium","volume":"160","author":"Cario","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3182184ee7","article-title":"Commensal microflora contribute to host defense against Escherichia Coli pneumonia through toll-like receptors","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2011.06.007","article-title":"The role of TLRs in neutrophil activation","volume":"11","author":"Prince","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-04-1078","article-title":"Toll-like receptors stimulate human neutrophil function","volume":"102","author":"Hayashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3749","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.7.3749","article-title":"Cutting edge: toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: evidence for TLR4 as the Lps gene product","volume":"162","author":"Hoshino","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-6-12","article-title":"Cigarette smoke regulates the expression of TLR4 and IL-8 production by human macrophages","volume":"6","author":"Sarir","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Inflamm (Lond)"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-7-66","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-4 mediates cigarette smoke-induced cytokine production by human macrophages","volume":"7","author":"Karimi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0492TR","article-title":"The neutrophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease too little, too late or too much, too soon?","volume":"48","author":"Hoenderdos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.3.829","article-title":"Bacterial endotoxin is an active component of cigarette smoke","volume":"115","author":"Hasday","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.08.067","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal markers in tobacco smoke","volume":"438","author":"Szponar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1617-9625-4-4","article-title":"Identification of bacterial and fungal components in tobacco and tobacco smoke","volume":"4","author":"Larsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.12.921","article-title":"Microbial marker patterns in smoke and tobacco of cigarettes purchased in six different countries","volume":"121","author":"Pehrson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2010.09.009","article-title":"TLR4 upregulation underpins airway neutrophilia in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory failure","volume":"72","author":"Pace","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.2.1169","article-title":"Cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation is TLR4\/MyD88 and IL-1R1\/MyD88 signaling dependent","volume":"180","author":"Doz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00172.2007","article-title":"Role of TLR2, TLR4, and MyD88 in murine ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and neutrophilia","volume":"103","author":"Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.2.9711068","article-title":"Persistent airway inflammation but accommodated antioxidant and lung function responses after repeated daily exposure to nitrogen dioxide","volume":"159","author":"Blomberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30865-0","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 pathway polymorphisms interact with pollution to influence asthma diagnosis and severity","volume":"8","author":"Schurman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.119636","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 genes influence susceptibility to adverse effects of traffic-related air pollution on childhood asthma","volume":"65","author":"Kerkhof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8874339","article-title":"COVID-19 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4): SARS-CoV-2 may bind and activate TLR4 to increase ACE2 expression, facilitating entry and causing Hyperinflammation","volume":"2021","author":"Aboudounya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e343","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e343","article-title":"COVID-19 patients upregulate toll-like receptor 4-mediated inflammatory signaling that mimics bacterial Sepsis","volume":"35","author":"Sohn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601685","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.601685","article-title":"TLR9 and COVID-19: a multidisciplinary theory of a multifaceted therapeutic target","volume":"11","author":"Bezemer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e143299","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.143299","article-title":"Circulating mitochondria! DNA is an early indicator of severe illness and mortality from COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Scozzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e147610","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.147610","article-title":"Cell-free DNA maps COVID-19 tissue injury and risk of death and can cause tissue injury","volume":"6","author":"Andargie","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653344","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.653344","article-title":"MicroLet-7b regulates neutrophil function and dampens neutrophilic inflammation by suppressing the canonical TLR4\/NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26826","article-title":"Role of toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of COVID-19","volume":"93","author":"Khanmohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23045","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023045","article-title":"Effect of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Pei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12092","article-title":"Comparison of innate immune activation after prolonged feeding of milk fermented with three species of lactobacilli","volume":"57","author":"Kapila","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-844555","article-title":"Cross talk between neutrophils and the microbiota","volume":"133","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9111306","article-title":"Probiotics in counteracting the role of neutrophils in Cancer metastasis","volume":"9","author":"Mangrolia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081724","article-title":"Exploring the science behind Bifidobacterium breve M-16V in infant health","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9378","article-title":"How colonization by microbiota in early life shapes the immune system","volume":"352","author":"Gensollen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20204.1","article-title":"Recent advances in modulating the microbiome [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]","volume":"9","author":"Quigley","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000 Res"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514000075","article-title":"Effectiveness of probiotics on the duration of illness in healthy children and adults who develop common acute respiratory infectious conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"112","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-15-46","article-title":"Bifidobacterium breve and Lactobacillus rhamnosus treatment is as effective as budesonide at reducing inflammation in a murine model for chronic asthma","volume":"15","author":"Sagar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00498-10","article-title":"Differential toll-like receptor recognition and induction of cytokine profile by Bifidobacterium breve and Lactobacillus strains of probiotics","volume":"18","author":"Plantinga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-24.1.10","article-title":"Efficacy of Bifidobacterium Species in Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Very-Low Birth Weight Infants. A Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"Hagen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.09.220","article-title":"Treatment with specific prebiotics or probiotics prevents thedevelopment of lung emphysema in a mouse model of COPD","volume":"668","author":"Verheijden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2010.0027","article-title":"Early life: gut microbiota and immune development in infancy","volume":"1","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Benefic Microbes"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02416.x","article-title":"Synbiotics prevent asthma-like symptoms in infants with atopic dermatitis","volume":"66","author":"van der Aa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy (Copenhagen)"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.6.1091","article-title":"Early dietary intervention with a mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of allergic manifestations and infections during the first two years of life","volume":"138","author":"Arslanoglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00223","article-title":"Potential of Pectins to beneficially modulate the gut microbiota depends on their structural properties","volume":"10","author":"Larsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.3390\/life13020561","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolite Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis","volume":"13","author":"Alsharairi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-015-0059-2","article-title":"Whey peptide-based enteral diet attenuated elastase-induced emphysema with increase in short chain fatty acids in mice","volume":"15","author":"Tomoda","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00190","article-title":"Measurement of airway function using invasive and non-invasive methods in mild and severe models for allergic airway inflammation in mice","volume":"5","author":"Verheijden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2006.03.010","article-title":"A specific prebiotic oligosaccharide mixture stimulates delayed-type hypersensitivity in a murine influenza vaccination model","volume":"6","author":"Vos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1057\/jt.2009.5","article-title":"The correlation coefficient: its values range between +1 \u22121, or do they?","volume":"17","author":"Ratner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Target Meas Anal Mark"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.123245.1","article-title":"The mechanistic role of neutrophil lymphocyte ratio perturbations in the leading non communicable lifestyle diseases [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]","volume":"11","author":"Biswas","year":"2022","journal-title":"F1000 Res"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904055107","article-title":"Generation of regulatory dendritic cells and CD4+Foxp3+ T cells by probiotics administration suppresses immune disorders","volume":"107","author":"Kwon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20200426","article-title":"Gut microbiome a promising target for management of respiratory diseases","volume":"477","author":"Trivedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.01.007","article-title":"The role of lung and gut microbiota in the pathology of asthma","volume":"52","author":"Barcik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.36.261","article-title":"Cigarette smoke decreases organic acids levels and population of bifidobacterium in the caecum of rats","volume":"36","author":"Tomoda","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62220","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062220","article-title":"Environmental particulate matter induces murine intestinal inflammatory responses and alters the gut microbiome","volume":"8","author":"Kish","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1086\/315784","article-title":"Localization of endotoxin in the rat intestinal epithelium","volume":"182","author":"Ge","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e111228","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111228","article-title":"Changes in the bacterial microbiota in gut, blood, and lungs following acute LPS instillation into mice lungs","volume":"9","author":"Sze","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20140625","article-title":"Respiratory influenza virus infection induces intestinal immune injury via microbiota-mediated Th17 cell-dependent inflammation","volume":"211","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e318259abdb","article-title":"Mechanisms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia-induced intestinal epithelial apoptosis","volume":"38","author":"Perrone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Shock (Augusta, GA)"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.12938\/bmfh.2015-006","article-title":"A comparative study of bifidobacteria in human babies and adults","volume":"35","author":"Khonsari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci Microbiota Food Health"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000129","article-title":"Smoking cessation alters intestinal microbiota: insights from quantitative investigations on human fecal samples using FISH","volume":"20","author":"Biedermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201520140518","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoke condensate on the production and characterization of exopolysaccharides by Bifidobacterium","volume":"87","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Cienc"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225560","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225560","article-title":"Oral feeding with probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates cigarette smoke-induced COPD in C57Bl\/6 mice: relevance to inflammatory markers in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"15","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.2731","article-title":"Of mice and not men: differences between mouse and human immunology","volume":"172","author":"Mestas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370590929475","article-title":"Dosimetric comparisons of particle deposition and retention in rats and humans","volume":"17","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(02)02259-7","article-title":"Of mice and men: species variations of toll-like receptor expression","volume":"23","author":"Rehli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572009","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.572009","article-title":"Targeting neutrophils to treat acute respiratory distress syndrome in coronavirus disease","volume":"11","author":"Chiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0054-z","article-title":"Neutrophils as emerging therapeutic targets","volume":"19","author":"Nemeth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1371064\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:53:29Z","timestamp":1719536009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1371064\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2024.1371064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1371064","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"article-number":"1371064"}}