{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T15:30:45Z","timestamp":1780673445485,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to evaluate the origin of the neonatal gut microbiota on the 14th day and probiotic intervention in the third trimester.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Samples were obtained from a total of 30 pregnant individuals and their offspring, divided into a control group with no intervention and a probiotic group with live combined <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> tablets, analyzing by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the V4 region to evaluate the composition of them. Non-metric multidimensional scaling and SourceTracker were used to evaluate the origin of neonatal gut microbiota.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that the microbiota in the neonatal gut at different times correlated with that in the maternal microbiota. The placenta had more influence on meconium microbiota. Maternal gut had more influence on neonatal gut microbiota on the 3rd day and 14th day. We also found that the maternal gut, vaginal, and placenta microbiota at full term in the probiotic group did not have a significantly different abundance of <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lactobacillus,<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>. However, some other bacteria changed in the maternal gut and their neonatal gut in the probiotic group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1389417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T04:49:43Z","timestamp":1714452583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Origin of the neonatal gut microbiota and probiotic intervention: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zhe","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhi","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tye","family":"Kian Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengfang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00036-17","article-title":"The first microbial colonizers of the human gut: composition, activities, and health implications of the infant gut microbiota","volume":"81","author":"Milani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11550","article-title":"Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota","volume":"489","author":"Lozupone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053","article-title":"Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography","volume":"486","author":"Yatsunenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-005-0020-3","article-title":"Isolation of commensal bacteria from umbilical cord blood of healthy neonates born by cesarean section","volume":"51","author":"Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003056","article-title":"Microbial prevalence, diversity and abundance in amniotic fluid during preterm labor: a molecular and culture-based investigation","volume":"3","author":"Digiulio","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237ra65","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008599","article-title":"The placenta harbors a unique microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Aagaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4176","article-title":"Neonatal gut microbiota associates with childhood multisensitized atopy and t cell differentiation","volume":"22","author":"Fujimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2012.144","article-title":"Microbial contact during pregnancy, intestinal colonization and human disease","volume":"9","author":"Rautava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2745-3","article-title":"The maternal microbiome modulates fetal neurodevelopment in mice","volume":"586","author":"Vuong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2017.0031","article-title":"Different physiological properties of human-residential and non-human-residential bifidobacteria in human health","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7078","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02037-15","article-title":"Exploring vertical transmission of bifidobacteria from mother to child","volume":"81","author":"Milani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091852","article-title":"Do probiotics in pregnancy reduce allergies and asthma in infancy and childhood? A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Colquitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16350","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16350","article-title":"Sample storage conditions significantly influence faecal microbiome profiles","volume":"5","author":"Choo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0134802","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134802","article-title":"Methods for improving human gut microbiome data by reducing variability through sample processing and storage of stool","volume":"10","author":"Gorzelak","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1650","article-title":"Bayesian community-wide culture-independent microbial source tracking","volume":"8","author":"Knights","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.004","article-title":"Dynamics and stabilization of the human gut microbiome during the first year of life","volume":"17","author":"B\u00e4ckhed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1079\/pns19600003","article-title":"Maternal nutrition in relation to abnormal foetal development","volume":"19","author":"Millen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00489.x","article-title":"The human microbiome: ecosystem resilience and health","volume":"70","author":"Relman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120140","article-title":"Natural antibody repertoires: development and functional role in inhibiting allergic airway disease","volume":"33","author":"Kearney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2485","article-title":"Immune function across generations: integrating mechanism and evolutionary process in maternal antibody transmission","volume":"270","author":"Grindstaff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002601107","article-title":"Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns","volume":"107","author":"Dominguez-Bello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.12.002","article-title":"Co-occurrence of early gut colonization in neonatal piglets with microbiota in the maternal and surrounding delivery environments","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21541-4","article-title":"Creating a 3d microbial and chemical snapshot of a human habitat","volume":"8","author":"Kapono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00046-16","article-title":"The oral and skin microbiomes of captive komodo dragons are significantly shared with their habitat","volume":"1","author":"Hyde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8783","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8783","article-title":"Meta-sourcetracker: application of bayesian source tracking to shotgun metagenomics","volume":"8","author":"Mcghee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Peerj"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053","article-title":"Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography","volume":"486","author":"Yatsunenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12522","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1409497111","article-title":"Patterned progression of bacterial populations in the premature infant gut","volume":"111","author":"La Rosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2007.11.005","article-title":"Adult sequelae of intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"32","author":"Ross","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2011.592513","article-title":"Evidence for the intra-uterine programming of adiposity in later life","volume":"38","author":"Fall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02725","article-title":"Developmental plasticity and human health","volume":"430","author":"Bateson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040946","article-title":"The relationship between the infant gut microbiota and allergy. The role of bifidobacterium breve and prebiotic oligosaccharides in the activation of anti-allergic mechanisms in early life","volume":"12","author":"Cukrowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13514","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of probiotic strains on the prevention of pediatric atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Tan-Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-5-5","article-title":"The role of probiotics in allergic diseases","volume":"5","author":"Michail","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197837","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2197837","article-title":"Effects of dietary fibers or probiotics on functional constipation symptoms and roles of gut microbiota: a double-blinded randomized placebo trial","volume":"15","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01977-z","article-title":"Clinical, gut microbial and neural effects of a probiotic add-on therapy in depressed patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Schaub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2018.1460015","article-title":"Probiotics drive gut microbiome triggering emotional brain signatures","volume":"9","author":"Bagga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8030297","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8030297","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum: protection against inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2021","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129083","article-title":"Fermentation of blueberry and blackberry juices using lactobacillus plantarum, streptococcus thermophilus and bifidobacterium bifidum: growth of probiotics, metabolism of phenolics, antioxidant capacity in vitro and sensory evaluation","volume":"348","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/10408699991279187","article-title":"Probiotic spectra of lactic acid bacteria (lab)","volume":"39","author":"Naidu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.070938-0","article-title":"Lactobacillus formosensis sp. Nov., a lactic acid bacterium isolated from fermented soybean meal","volume":"65","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7080228","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis and the intestinal microbiome: streptococcus thermophilus a key probiotic for reducing uremia","volume":"7","author":"Vitetta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.11.034","article-title":"Prenatal probiotic administration can influence bifidobacterium microbiota development in infants at high risk of allergy","volume":"123","author":"Lahtinen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000159269.58480.4b","article-title":"Probiotics affects vaginal flora in pregnant women, suggesting the possibility of preventing preterm labor","volume":"39","author":"Nishijima","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13786","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13786","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum supplementation improves age-related delays in fracture repair","volume":"22","author":"Roberts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa090","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation improves cognitive function and mood with changes in gut microbiota in community-dwelling older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial","volume":"76","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002028","article-title":"Usefulness of bifidobacterium longum bb536 in elderly individuals with chronic constipation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"118","author":"Takeda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12797","article-title":"Impact of a probiotic product on bowel habits and microbial profile in participants with functional constipation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Martoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dig Dis"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.11.011","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum promotes postoperative liver function recovery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"32","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1079\/pns2005466","article-title":"Probiotics and allergy","volume":"64","author":"Furrie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20683","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20683","article-title":"Diet-induced changes in maternal gut microbiota and metabolomic profiles influence programming of offspring obesity risk in rats","volume":"6","author":"Paul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000339182","article-title":"Probiotics modulate host-microbe interaction in the placenta and fetal gut: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"102","author":"Rautava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2010.02507.x","article-title":"Lactobacillus gg treatment during pregnancy for the prevention of eczema: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Boyle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09889.x","article-title":"Probiotics in pregnant women to prevent allergic disease: a randomized, double-blind trial","volume":"163","author":"Dotterud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1389417\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T04:49:45Z","timestamp":1714452585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1389417\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2024.1389417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1389417","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"article-number":"1389417"}}