{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T16:58:11Z","timestamp":1778086691343,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The global aging situation is becoming increasingly critical and cognitive impairment in the elderly has become a public health burden of concern. Physical activity (PA) and vitamin D may play a key role in improving cognitive impairment. However, little studies have examined the interaction between these two. The purpose of this study was to assess the association of PA and vitamin D with cognitive impairment in older adults, as well as the interactions of PA and vitamin D.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was conducted by multi-stage random sampling of elderly people \u226560\u2009years old, and a total sample of 2,492 (1,207 male and 1,285 female, mean age of 69.41\u2009\u00b1\u20096.75\u2009years) with complete data was included in the analysis. PA was assessed by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, and\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009600 MET-min\/week was used as the division criteria. Serum vitamin D was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2\/D3 concentration\u2009&amp;lt;\u200920\u2009ng\/mL was used as a vitamin D deficiency criterion. Cognitive function was assessed by three subtests: the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer\u2019s disease word learning test (CERAD-WL) for immediate and delayed learning, the Animal Fluency Test (AFT) for verbal fluency; and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) for information processing speed and switching attention. All three subtests were scored at less than the lowest quartile of the score as a criterion for cognitive impairment. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for chi-square test, rank sum test, interaction analysis, subgroup analysis, and regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lower level of PA is associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment (CERAD W-L: OR\u2009=\u20091.596, 95% CI: 1.338\u20131.905, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001; AFT: OR\u2009=\u20091.833, 95% CI: 1.534\u20132.190, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001; DSST: OR\u2009=\u20091.936, 95% CI: 1.609\u20132.329, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Vitamin D deficiency has significant effects in AFT (OR\u2009=\u20091.322, 95% CI: 1.103\u20131.584, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) and DSST (OR\u2009=\u20091.619, 95% CI: 1.345\u20131.948, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). After adjusted for covariates, PA and vitamin D have multiplicative interaction on AFT (OR\u2009=\u20090.662, 95% CI: 0.448\u20130.977, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.038) and DSST (OR\u2009=\u20090.775, 95% CI: 0.363\u20130.868, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009). The interaction between PA and vitamin D was not significant in the CERAD W-L (OR\u2009=\u20090.757, 95% CI: 0.508\u20131.128, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.172).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that lower level of PA and vitamin D deficiency were associated with higher odds of cognitive impairment in the elderly population and that there was a multiplicative interaction between PA and vitamin D on cognitive function, with a significant effect of vitamin D on cognitive impairment in high PA conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1390903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T13:26:23Z","timestamp":1714569983000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Association of physical activity and vitamin D deficiency with cognitive impairment in older adults: a population 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