{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:42:08Z","timestamp":1790116928670,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a prevalent vascular disorder characterized by atherosclerotic occlusion of peripheral arteries, resulting in reduced blood flow to the lower extremities and poor walking ability. Older patients with PAD are also at a markedly increased risk of cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction. Recent evidence indicates that inorganic nitrate supplementation, which is abundant in certain vegetables, augments nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and may have beneficial effects on walking, blood pressure, and vascular function in patients with PAD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We sought to determine if short-term nitrate supplementation (via beetroot juice) improves peak treadmill time and coronary hyperemic responses to plantar flexion exercise relative to placebo (nitrate-depleted juice) in older patients with PAD. The primary endpoints were peak treadmill time and the peak coronary hyperemic response to plantar flexion exercise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eleven PAD patients (52\u201380\u2009yr.; 9 men\/2 women; Fontaine stage II) were randomized (double-blind) to either nitrate-rich (Beet-IT, 0.3\u2009g inorganic nitrate twice\/day; BR<jats:sub>nitrate<\/jats:sub>) or nitrate-depleted (Beet-IT, 0.04\u2009g inorganic nitrate twice\/day, BR<jats:sub>placebo<\/jats:sub>) beetroot juice for 4 to 6\u2009days, followed by a washout of 7 to 14\u2009days before crossing over to the other treatment. Patients completed graded plantar flexion exercise with their most symptomatic leg to fatigue, followed by isometric handgrip until volitional fatigue at 40% of maximum on day 4 of supplementation, and a treadmill test to peak exertion 1\u20132\u2009days later while continuing supplementation. Hemodynamics and exercise tolerance, and coronary blood flow velocity (CBV) responses were measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although peak walking time and claudication onset time during treadmill exercise did not differ significantly between BR<jats:sub>placebo<\/jats:sub> and BR<jats:sub>nitrate<\/jats:sub>, the diastolic blood pressure response at the peak treadmill walking stage was significantly lower in the BR<jats:sub>nitrate<\/jats:sub> condition. Increases in CBV from baseline to peak plantar flexion exercise after BR<jats:sub>placebo<\/jats:sub> and BR<jats:sub>nitrate<\/jats:sub> showed a trend for a greater increase in CBV at the peak workload of plantar flexion with BR<jats:sub>nitrate<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.06; Cohen\u2019s <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.56).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, these preliminary findings suggest that inorganic nitrate supplementation in PAD patients is safe, well-tolerated, and may improve the coronary hyperemic and blood pressure responses when their calf muscles are most predisposed to ischemia.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical trial registration:<\/jats:bold><jats:ext-link>https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/<\/jats:ext-link>, identifier NCT02553733.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1398108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T15:21:27Z","timestamp":1720020087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of short-term dietary nitrate supplementation on exercise and coronary blood flow responses in patients with peripheral artery disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Danielle Jin-Kwang","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Luck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kim-Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swati","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urs","family":"Leuenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David N.","family":"Proctor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"2013","article-title":"Physiology in medicine: peripheral arterial disease","volume":"115","author":"Muller","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191171","article-title":"American Heart Association writing G. Atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease symposium II: nomenclature for vascular diseases","volume":"118","author":"Hiatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001153","article-title":"Health disparities in peripheral artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Allison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"826","article-title":"The health-related quality of life of people with peripheral arterial disease in the community: the Edinburgh artery study","volume":"54","author":"Dumville","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X20977016","article-title":"Assessing health-related quality of life among patients with peripheral artery disease: a review of the literature and focus on patient-reported outcome measures","volume":"26","author":"Raja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.12.010","article-title":"Ethnic-specific prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in the United States","volume":"32","author":"Allison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31823ac046","article-title":"American Heart Association statistics C, stroke statistics S. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"125","author":"Roger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2023.08.005","article-title":"Epidemiological trends and projections of incidence, prevalence, and disease related mortality associated with peripheral arterial disease: observations using Nationwide Danish data","volume":"66","author":"Sogaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"113","article-title":"Medical management and cardiovascular risk reduction in peripheral arterial disease","volume":"13","author":"Sethi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Clin Cardiol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(96)00474-3","article-title":"Atherosclerosis in the human brachial artery","volume":"29","author":"Sorensen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H101","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00015.2018","article-title":"Eight weeks of nitrate supplementation improves blood flow and reduces the exaggerated pressor response during forearm exercise in peripheral artery disease","volume":"315","author":"Kruse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2016.05.135","article-title":"Coronary exercise hyperemia is impaired in patients with peripheral arterial disease","volume":"38","author":"Ross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2012.03.003","article-title":"Nitrite and nitric oxide metabolism in peripheral artery disease","volume":"26","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.06.033","article-title":"Plasma nitrite flux predicts exercise performance in peripheral arterial disease after 3months of exercise training","volume":"49","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979905000502","article-title":"The exercise pressor reflex and changes in radial arterial pressure and heart rate during walking in patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans","volume":"50","author":"Baccelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2006.06.023","article-title":"Blood pressure in patients with intermittent claudication increases continuously during walking","volume":"33","author":"Bakke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X231155299","article-title":"Maximal calf conductance is associated with 6-minute walk distance in participants with and without peripheral artery disease","volume":"28","author":"Gardner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.34172\/apb.2023.025","article-title":"Current and novel emerging medical therapies for peripheral artery disease: a literature review","volume":"13","author":"Arabzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Pharm Bull"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.87.s1.03","article-title":"New treatments for peripheral artery disease","volume":"87","author":"Bartholomew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000623","article-title":"Optimal exercise programs for patients with peripheral artery disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"139","author":"Treat-Jacobson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.3_suppl.609S","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral arterial occlusive disease: the seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy","volume":"126","author":"Clagett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/nm954","article-title":"Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation","volume":"9","author":"Cosby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2015.04.006","article-title":"Nitrate pharmacokinetics: taking note of the difference","volume":"48","author":"James","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2014-0228","article-title":"Acute dietary nitrate supplementation does not augment submaximal forearm exercise hyperemia in healthy young men","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2018.08.007","article-title":"Inorganic nitrate supplementation enhances functional capacity and lower-limb microvascular reactivity in patients with peripheral artery disease","volume":"80","author":"Bock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2022.104469","article-title":"Moderate dose of dietary nitrate improves skeletal muscle microvascular function in patients with peripheral artery disease","volume":"146","author":"Pekas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microvasc Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R162","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00121.2021","article-title":"Body mass-normalized moderate dose of dietary nitrate intake improves endothelial function and walking capacity in patients with peripheral artery disease","volume":"321","author":"Pekas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2021-0054","article-title":"Acute effects of dietary nitrate on exercise tolerance, muscle oxygenation, and cardiovascular function in patients with peripheral arterial disease","volume":"31","author":"van der Avoort","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e426","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000066","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"138","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2008.08.003","article-title":"The increase in plasma nitrite after a dietary nitrate load is markedly attenuated by an antibacterial mouthwash","volume":"19","author":"Govoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6237","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.241281","article-title":"Oxidative stress contributes to the augmented exercise pressor reflex in peripheral arterial disease patients","volume":"590","author":"Muller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012","article-title":"Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion","volume":"14","author":"Borg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2459-9","article-title":"Exercise and diet-induced weight loss attenuates oxidative stress related-coronary vasoconstriction in obese adolescents","volume":"113","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00909.2011","article-title":"Effect of cold air inhalation and isometric exercise on coronary blood flow and myocardial function in humans","volume":"111","author":"Muller","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H854","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01075.2007","article-title":"Coronary blood flow responses to physiological stress in humans","volume":"296","author":"Momen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199104000-00003","article-title":"Progressive vs single-stage treadmill tests for evaluation of claudication","volume":"23","author":"Gardner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007003","article-title":"The treadmill is a better functional test than the 6-minute walk test in therapeutic trials of patients with peripheral artery disease","volume":"130","author":"Hiatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1177\/000331979804901204","article-title":"The effect of indirect calorimetry measurement on claudication pain in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease","volume":"49","author":"Womack","year":"1998","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2011.04.026","article-title":"Oxygen uptake before and after the onset of claudication during a 6-minute walk test","volume":"54","author":"Gardner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.10.064","article-title":"Vascular formation of nitrite after exercise is abolished in patients with cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery disease","volume":"55","author":"Rassaf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H195","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00414.2017","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation in cardiovascular health: an ergogenic aid or exercise therapeutic?","volume":"314","author":"Woessner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00071.2011","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances exercise performance in peripheral arterial disease","volume":"110","author":"Kenjale","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X13515043","article-title":"Sodium nitrite in patients with peripheral artery disease and diabetes mellitus: safety, walking distance and endothelial function","volume":"19","author":"Mohler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vasc Med"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11071859","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplements which upregulate nitric oxide on walking and quality of life in patients with peripheral artery disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6406","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2577","article-title":"Beetroot as a functional food with huge health benefits: antioxidant, antitumor, physical function, and chronic metabolomics activity","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R73","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00406.2012","article-title":"Effects of short-term dietary nitrate supplementation on blood pressure, O2 uptake kinetics, and muscle and cognitive function in older adults","volume":"304","author":"Kelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2019.01.008","article-title":"Effects of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on aortic blood pressures and pulse wave characteristics in post-menopausal women","volume":"85","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2021-0693","article-title":"A single dose of dietary nitrate supplementation protects against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion injury in early postmenopausal women","volume":"47","author":"Somani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"2013","article-title":"Beetroot juice and exercise: pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships","volume":"115","author":"Wylie","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00218.2022","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation and small muscle mass exercise hemodynamics in patients with essential hypertension","volume":"133","author":"Broxterman","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04675","article-title":"Dietary nitrate provides sustained blood pressure lowering in hypertensive patients: a randomized, phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"65","author":"Kapil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H916","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00493.2019","article-title":"Systemic and regional hemodynamic response to activation of the exercise pressor reflex in patients with peripheral artery disease","volume":"318","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01046.2017","article-title":"Peripheral revascularization attenuates the exercise pressor reflex and increases coronary exercise hyperemia in peripheral arterial disease","volume":"125","author":"Miller","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H59","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00163.2017","article-title":"Acute beetroot juice supplementation on sympathetic nerve activity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study","volume":"313","author":"Notay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.07.765","article-title":"Reducing arterial stiffness independently of blood pressure: the VaSera trial","volume":"70","author":"Mills","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.10.093","article-title":"Inorganic nitrite selectively dilates Epicardial coronary arteries","volume":"71","author":"O'Gallagher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.07.067","article-title":"Sodium nitrite improves exercise hemodynamics and ventricular performance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"66","author":"Borlaug","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13783","article-title":"Cardiac effects of 6 months' dietary nitrate and spironolactone in patients with hypertension and with\/at risk of type 2 diabetes, in the factorial design, double-blind, randomized controlled VaSera trial","volume":"85","author":"Faconti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H175","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00081.2021","article-title":"Direct cardiac versus systemic effects of inorganic nitrite on human left ventricular function","volume":"321","author":"O'Gallagher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00186-5","article-title":"Beneficial actions of nitrates in cardiovascular disease","volume":"77","author":"Abrams","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430040023003","article-title":"The role of nitrates in coronary heart disease","volume":"155","author":"Abrams","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.09.1064","article-title":"The role of nitroglycerin and other nitrogen oxides in cardiovascular therapeutics","volume":"70","author":"Divakaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2022.02.004","article-title":"Inorganic nitrate supplementation and blood flow restricted exercise tolerance in post-menopausal women","author":"Proctor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313131","article-title":"Beet the best?","volume":"123","author":"Woessner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.11.039","article-title":"Acute and short-term beetroot juice nitrate-rich ingestion enhances cardiovascular responses following aerobic exercise in postmenopausal women with arterial hypertension: a triple-blinded randomized controlled trial","volume":"211","author":"Benjamim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2019.04.010","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation alters the oral microbiome but does not improve the vascular responses to an acute nitrate dose","volume":"89","author":"Burleigh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.12.013","article-title":"One week of daily dosing with beetroot juice improves submaximal endurance and blood pressure in older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"4","author":"Eggebeen","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15531","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15531","article-title":"Human skeletal muscle nitrate and nitrite in individuals with peripheral arterial disease: effect of inorganic nitrate supplementation and exercise","volume":"10","author":"Piknova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2022.2137269","article-title":"Efficacy and variability in plasma nitrite levels during long-term supplementation with nitrate containing beetroot juice","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Diet Suppl"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R920","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00068.2014","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation: effects on plasma nitrite and pulmonary O2 uptake dynamics during exercise in hypoxia and normoxia","volume":"307","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5565","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278076","article-title":"Human skeletal muscle nitrate store: influence of dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise","volume":"597","author":"Wylie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2019-0063","article-title":"No longer beeting around the bush: a review of potential sex differences with dietary nitrate supplementation (1)","volume":"44","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.010","article-title":"Sex differences in the nitrate-nitrite-NO(*) pathway: role of oral nitrate-reducing bacteria","volume":"126","author":"Kapil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.08.012","article-title":"Vasodilation of epicardial coronary artery can be measured with transthoracic echocardiography","volume":"33","author":"Toikka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-015-0057-4","article-title":"A double blind randomized placebo control crossover trial on the effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on exercise tolerance in stable moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"15","author":"Leong","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2012.03.008","article-title":"A comparison of organic and inorganic nitrates\/nitrites","volume":"26","author":"Omar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0144504","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144504","article-title":"Acute dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance in COPD: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised controlled pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Curtis","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2589-8","article-title":"Dietary nitrate supplementation improves team sport-specific intense intermittent exercise performance","volume":"113","author":"Wylie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H456","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00235.2020","article-title":"Acute mitochondrial antioxidant intake improves endothelial function, antioxidant enzyme activity, and exercise tolerance in patients with peripheral artery disease","volume":"319","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1398108\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T15:21:32Z","timestamp":1720020092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1398108\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2024.1398108"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1398108","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"article-number":"1398108"}}