{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T15:34:13Z","timestamp":1782488053120,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nutrition and diet are critical to managing Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Low-income households often face challenges maintaining a healthy and balanced diet due to food insecurity, availability, and cost. To address this issue, we used a linear goal programming (LGP) model to develop nutritionally adequate, affordable, accessible, and culturally acceptable diets for persons with T2D in Benin, a French-speaking sub-Saharan country. The goal was to help persons with T2D manage their condition more effectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compiled a robust list of local commonly consumed foods in Benin, and calculated their nutritional value using West African food composition tables and food costs per serving from a market survey. Using mathematical optimization techniques, we designed dietary plans that meet the daily nutrient intake recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to prevent chronic diseases in normal adults. While adhering to dietary constraints of T2D, we developed optimized diet plans with varying energy levels that meet all nutrient requirements while considering availability, acceptability, and budgetary constraints.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty-two food items and recipes were evaluated to create six low-cost daily menus. Menu 1 was the most affordable at CFA 1,127 (USD 1.88), providing 1890\u2009kcal of energy, while Menu 6 was the most expensive at CFA 1,227 (USD 2.05), providing 1749\u2009kcal. All the menus met the daily WHO minimum requirements for carbohydrates, fat, cholesterol, and fiber content, while other nutrients such as protein, vitamin C, and iron reached the upper limits of the acceptable value range.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Linear goal programming can be an effective tool in helping to obtain optimized adequate, accessible, and culturally acceptable diets at minimal cost by interpreting and translating dietary recommendations into a nutritional model, based on local market prices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1400594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T05:04:18Z","timestamp":1723093458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Precision nutrition for type 2 diabetes in Benin: leveraging linear goal programming to optimize diets with emphasis on adequacy, affordability, accessibility, and culture"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Halimatou","family":"Alaof\u00e8","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Mahdavimanshadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmelle","family":"Miz\u00e9houn-Adissoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abidemi","family":"Okechukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waliou Amoussa","family":"Hounkpatin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward John","family":"Bedrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jules","family":"Gninkoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ehiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00613-y","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and opportunities","volume":"18","author":"Motala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05795-2","article-title":"Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africans","volume":"65","author":"Goedecke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the international diabetes federation diabetes atlas, 9th edition","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.191028.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes - global burden of disease and forecasted trends","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S126314","article-title":"Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa - from policy to practice to progress: targeting the existing gaps for future care for diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Pastakia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS)","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Pratiques alimentaires et gestion du diab\u00e8te chez les diab\u00e9tiques suivis au Centre National Hospitalier et Universitaire et \u00e0 la Banque d\u2019insuline de Cotonou au B\u00e9nin","author":"Houngla","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref9","author":"Adeya","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref10","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Causes of death collaborators. 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