{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T20:12:02Z","timestamp":1782418322367,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repeated mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are a continuing healthcare concern worldwide, given its potential for enduring adverse neurodegenerative conditions. Past research suggests a potential protective effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in experimental models of mTBI. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the neuroprotective benefits of n-3 PUFA persist following repetitive weight drop injury (WDI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male <jats:italic>fat-1<\/jats:italic> mice (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200912), able to endogenously convert n-6 PUFA to n-3 PUFA, and their wild type (WT) counterparts (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200912) were maintained on a 10% w\/w safflower diet. At 9\u201310\u2009weeks of age, both groups received one mild low-impact WDI on the closed cranium daily, for three consecutive days. Following each WDI, time to righting reflex and seeking behaviour were measured. Neurological recovery, cognitive, motor, and neurobehavioural outcomes were assessed using the Neurological Severity Score (NSS) over 7\u2009days (168\u2009h) post-last WDI. Brains were assessed for cerebral microhemorrhages by Prussian blue and cellular damage by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Fat-1<\/jats:italic> mice exhibited significantly faster righting reflex and seeking behaviour time, and lower mean NSS scores and at all post-WDI time points (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.05) compared to WT mice. Immunohistochemistry showed no significant difference in presence of cerebral microhemorrhage however, <jats:italic>fat-1<\/jats:italic> mice had significantly lower GFAP staining in comparison to WT mice (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>n-3 PUFA is effective in restoring cognitive, motor, and behavioural function after repetitive WDI, which may be mediated through reduced cellular damage of the brain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1410884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T05:00:55Z","timestamp":1720760455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["n-3 PUFA ameliorate functional outcomes following repetitive mTBI in the fat-1 mouse model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jessi S.","family":"Lau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cody A. C.","family":"Lust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica-Dominique","family":"Lecques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyn M.","family":"Hillyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margo","family":"Mountjoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing X.","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay E.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W. L.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2011.03581.x","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"19","author":"Vos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/BJSPORTS-2017-097699","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016","volume":"51","author":"McCrory","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004214","article-title":"The spectrum of mild traumatic brain injury: a review","volume":"89","author":"Mayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/BJSPORTS-2012-091941","article-title":"American medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport","volume":"47","author":"Harmon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2014.945959","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury defined by Glasgow coma scale: is it really mild?","volume":"29","author":"Joseph","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci7120160","article-title":"A review of chronic pain and cognitive, mood, and motor dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury: complex, comorbid, and\/or overlapping conditions?","volume":"7","author":"Grandhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CSM.2010.08.006","article-title":"The epidemiology of sport-related concussion","volume":"30","author":"Daneshvar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMA.290.19.2549","article-title":"Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA concussion study","volume":"290","author":"Guskiewicz","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Injury in review, 2020 edition: spotlight on traumatic brain injuries across the life course","year":""},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200609000-00001","article-title":"The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview","volume":"21","author":"Langlois","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000192","article-title":"Sport-related concussion reporting and state legislative effects","volume":"26","author":"LaRoche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1517\/14728210902769601","article-title":"Emerging treatments for traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Xiong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin Emerg Drugs"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31824cebe8","article-title":"From the field of play to the field of combat: a review of the pharmacological management of concussion","volume":"70","author":"Petraglia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUCHI.2021.02.001","article-title":"Nutritional factors in sport-related concussion","volume":"67","author":"Walrand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4092","DOI":"10.3390\/NU13114092","article-title":"N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ameliorate neurobehavioral outcomes post-mild traumatic brain injury in the fat-1 mouse model","volume":"13","author":"Lecques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.3945\/AN.116.012963","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic Acid","volume":"7","author":"Richard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.3390\/NU12082333","article-title":"The importance of marine omega-3s for brain development and the prevention and treatment of behavior, mood, and other brain disorders","volume":"12","author":"Dinicolantonio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M400225-JLR200","article-title":"Long-chain conversion of [13C] linoleic acid and \u03b1-linolenic acid in response to marked changes in their dietary intake in men","volume":"46","author":"Hussein","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3390\/NU8020099","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid and cognition throughout the lifespan","volume":"8","author":"Weiser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1177\/00099228221101726","article-title":"A pilot randomized controlled trial of docosahexaenoic acid for the treatment of sport-related concussion in adolescents","volume":"61","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/427504a","article-title":"Fat-1 mice convert n-6 to n-3 fatty acids","volume":"427","author":"Kang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2009.148","article-title":"Mouse closed head injury model induced by a weight-drop device","volume":"4","author":"Flierl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.09.003","article-title":"A mouse model of human repetitive mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"203","author":"Kane","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.626655","article-title":"Therapeutic modulation of cerebral microhemorrhage in a mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy","volume":"42","author":"Fisher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110025","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JNEUMETH.2023.110025","article-title":"Quantifying GFAP immunohistochemistry in the brain \u2013 introduction of the reactivity score (R-score) and how it compares to other methodologies","volume":"402","author":"Luijerink","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PMRJ.2011.08.008","article-title":"Long-term consequences of repetitive brain trauma: chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"3","author":"Stern","year":"2011","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)61018-2","article-title":"Experimental models of repetitive brain injuries","volume":"161","author":"Weber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JSAMS.2013.02.009","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 4th international conference on concussion in sport held in Zurich, November 2012","volume":"16","author":"McCrory","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180383da5","article-title":"Recurrent concussion and risk of depression in retired professional football players","volume":"39","author":"Guskiewicz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000150035.54230.3C","article-title":"Concussion in professional football: biomechanics of the striking player \u2013 part 8","volume":"56","author":"Viano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512456193","article-title":"Nine-year risk of depression diagnosis increases with increasing self-reported concussions in retired professional football players","volume":"40","author":"Kerr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000083559.68424.3F","article-title":"Concussion in professional football: reconstruction of game impacts and injuries","volume":"53","author":"Pellman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1007\/S10439-013-0861-Z","article-title":"Head impact exposure in youth football: high school ages 14 to 18 years and cumulative impact analysis","volume":"41","author":"Urban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000345863.99099.C7","article-title":"Concussion in professional football: animal model of brain injury \u2013 part 15","volume":"64","author":"Viano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/NRN3407","article-title":"Animal models of traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Xiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90067-6","article-title":"Responses to cortical injury: i. methodology and local effects of contusions in the rat","volume":"211","author":"Feeney","year":"1981","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.80.2.0291","article-title":"A new model of diffuse brain injury in rats part I: pathophysiology and biomechanics","volume":"80","author":"Marmarou","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1996.13.557","article-title":"An experimental model of closed head injury in mice: pathophysiology, histopathology, and cognitive deficits","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200002000-00019","article-title":"Experimental closed head injury: analysis of neurological outcome, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, intracranial neutrophil infiltration, and neuronal cell death in mice deficient in genes for pro-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"20","author":"Stahel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2005.22.42","article-title":"Lateral fluid percussion brain injury: a 15-year review and evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1988.5.1","article-title":"Controlled cortical impact: a new experimental brain injury model","volume":"5","author":"Lighthall","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e318201f53e","article-title":"Biomechanics of sport concussion: quest for the elusive injury threshold","volume":"39","author":"Guskiewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/JNR.24472","article-title":"Modeling sports-related mild traumatic brain injury in animals\u2014a systematic review","volume":"97","author":"Hiskens","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-1-17\/tables\/1","article-title":"Protocol for a systematic review of prognosis after mild traumatic brain injury: an update of the WHO collaborating Centre task force findings","volume":"1","author":"Cancelliere","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1093\/AJCN\/85.6.1448","article-title":"A collaborative effort to apply the evidence-based review process to the field of nutrition: challenges, benefits, and lessons learned","volume":"85","author":"Balk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464921","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/464921","article-title":"Oxidation of marine omega-3 supplements and human health","volume":"2013","author":"Albert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.4.1142","article-title":"Identification of an animal \u03c9-3 fatty acid desaturase by heterologous expression in Arabidopsis","volume":"94","author":"Spychalla","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4050","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.061040198","article-title":"Adenoviral gene transfer of Caenorhabditis elegans n\u22123 fatty acid desaturase optimizes fatty acid composition in mammalian cells","volume":"98","author":"Kang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PLEFA.2007.10.010","article-title":"Fat-1 transgenic mice: a new model for omega-3 research","volume":"77","author":"Kang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2008.12.0161","article-title":"Advances in neuroimaging of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"46","author":"Van Boven","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1089\/NEU.2009.1073","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of mild to moderate blast-related traumatic brain injury and its sequelae","volume":"27","author":"Levin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.02.024","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging detects axonal injury in a mouse model of repetitive closed-skull traumatic brain injury","volume":"513","author":"Bennett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9.52.1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpns.10","article-title":"The revised neurobehavioral severity scale (NSS-R) for rodents","volume":"75","author":"Yarnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Neurosci"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0452","article-title":"Dynamic changes in the recovery after traumatic brain injury in mice: effect of injury severity on T2-weighted MRI abnormalities, and motor and cognitive functions","volume":"25","author":"Tsenter","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313498650","article-title":"Dietary strategy to repair plasma membrane after brain trauma: implications for plasticity and cognition","volume":"28","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12974-018-1345-8","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid attenuates traumatic brain injury-induced neuronal apoptosis by inducing autophagy through the upregulation of SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of Beclin-1","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12974-018-1151-3","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid attenuates the inflammatory response by modulating microglia polarization through SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of the HMGB1\/NF-\u039aB pathway following experimental traumatic brain injury","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-018-0765-z","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) provides neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury models via activating Nrf2-ARE signaling","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2004.06.002","article-title":"Motor and cognitive function evaluation following experimental traumatic brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30091","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.30091","article-title":"Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on brain functions: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Dighriri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136367","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1136367","article-title":"A review of brain regions and associated post-concussion symptoms","volume":"14","author":"Danielli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000505","article-title":"The neurometabolic cascade of concussion","volume":"36","author":"Giza","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1089\/NEU.2009.1239","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid reduces traumatic axonal injury in a rodent head injury model","volume":"27","author":"Bailes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.5.JNS08914","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and reduction of traumatic axonal injury in a rodent head injury model: laboratory investigation","volume":"114","author":"Mills","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-130316","article-title":"Effect of fish oil supplementation in a rat model of multiple mild traumatic brain injuries","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.04.009","article-title":"Oral fish oil restores striatal dopamine release after traumatic brain injury","volume":"496","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689717714105","article-title":"Impact of traumatic brain injury on dopaminergic transmission","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transplant"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"2616","article-title":"The potential roles of dopamine in traumatic brain injury: a preclinical and clinical update","volume":"11","author":"Lan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3945\/AN.113.005280","article-title":"\u03c9-3 fatty acid supplementation as a potential therapeutic aid for the recovery from mild traumatic brain injury\/concussion","volume":"5","author":"Barrett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13050750","article-title":"Loss of consciousness and righting reflex following traumatic brain injury: predictors of post-injury symptom development (a narrative review)","volume":"13","author":"Berman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1089\/NEU.2012.2672","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids as a putative treatment for traumatic brain injury","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717391","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.717391","article-title":"The effect of mild traumatic brain injury on cerebral microbleeds in aging","volume":"13","author":"Toth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1001\/ARCHINTE.158.15.1617","article-title":"Mild traumatic brain injury: toward understanding manifestations and treatment","volume":"158","author":"Kushner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123407","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1123407","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines associated with mild traumatic brain injury and clinical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Malik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.1089\/NEU.2021.0055","article-title":"Traumatic microbleeds in mild traumatic brain injury are not associated with delayed return to work or persisting post-concussion symptoms","volume":"38","author":"Huovinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3550","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz290","article-title":"Traumatic microbleeds suggest vascular injury and predict disability in traumatic brain injury","volume":"142","author":"Griffin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0039","article-title":"Time course and diagnostic accuracy of glial and neuronal blood biomarkers GFAP and UCH-L1 in a large cohort of trauma patients with and without mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"73","author":"Papa","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30231-X","article-title":"Serum GFAP and UCH-L1 for prediction of absence of intracranial injuries on head CT (ALERT-TBI): a multicentre observational study","volume":"17","author":"Bazarian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1089\/NEU.2015.4333","article-title":"Increases of plasma levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, tau, and amyloid \u03b2 up to 90 days after traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Bogoslovsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1385","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006321","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein elevations relate to neuroimaging abnormalities after mild TBI","volume":"91","author":"Gill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01359-5","article-title":"Association of day-of-injury plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein concentration and six-month posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"47","author":"Kulbe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0B013E318253D5C7","article-title":"GFAP and S100B in the acute phase of mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"78","author":"Metting","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/BPA.12248","article-title":"The neuropathology of chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"25","author":"McKee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JSR.2012.08.011","article-title":"Trends in traumatic brain injury in the U.S. and the public health response: 1995\u20132009","volume":"43","author":"Coronado","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Saf Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1410884\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]],"date-time":"2024-07-13T13:01:57Z","timestamp":1720875717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1410884\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2024.1410884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1410884","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"article-number":"1410884"}}