{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T18:49:55Z","timestamp":1772650195911,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) continues to be a significant global health concern, exhibiting unique regional disparities. Although there is a noted decline in the burden of RHD, the specific causatives for this decrease remain unclear. This study aims to identify and quantify the spatiotemporal patterns related to the RHD-attributable risk burden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data pertaining to deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to RHD risk were drawn from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study conducted from 1990 to 2019. These data, categorized by age, gender, and geographical location, highlighted risk factors including diets high in sodium, elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP), and lead exposure. To examine the long-term trends in RHD changes due to these specific risk factors, the average annual percentage change (AAPC) method was used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the past 30\u2009years, the highest decrease in RHD burden was attributed to high SBP. An AAPC of \u22122.73 [95% confidence interval (CI): \u22122.82 to \u22122.65] and\u2009\u2212\u20092.45 (95% CI: \u22122.55 to \u22122.36) in deaths and DALYs was attributable to high SBP, while an AAPC of \u22123.99 (95% CI: \u22124.14 to \u22123.85) and\u2009\u2212\u20093.74 (95% CI: \u22123.89 to \u22123.6) in deaths and DALYs was attributed to a diet high in sodium. Moreover, the trends in deaths and DALYs due to lead exposure also showed decreases with an AAPC of \u22122.94 (95% CI: \u22123 to \u22122.89) and\u2009\u2212\u20093.46 (95% CI: \u22123.58 to \u22123.34) from 1990 to 2019. Oceania showed an upward trend of the RHD DALYs due to high SBP, with an AAPC of 0.23 (95% CI: 0.13 to 0.33). In general, countries in Oceania, East Asia, and South Asia had higher age-standard deaths and DALY rates of RHD due to diets high in sodium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study has revealed that high SBP remains the prime risk factor contributing to the RHD burden. There are decreasing spatiotemporal patterns in RHD-related deaths and burdens. Gaining this knowledge is fundamental to making informed public health strategies and clinical decisions, especially concerning risk assessment, screening, and prevention initiatives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1419349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]],"date-time":"2024-09-26T15:47:58Z","timestamp":1727365678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatiotemporal patterns of rheumatic heart disease burden attributable to high systolic blood pressure, high sodium diet, and lead exposure (1990 to 2019): a longitudinal observational study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yanli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonggang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuzhe","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322574","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1322574","article-title":"Transnational inequities in cardiovascular diseases from 1990 to 2019: exploration based on the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.131705","article-title":"Epidemiological study of pediatric rheumatic heart disease: an analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"400","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e025284","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.025284","article-title":"Rheumatic heart disease is a neglected disease relative to its burden worldwide: findings from global burden of disease 2019","volume":"11","author":"Ghamari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ancard.2023.101676","article-title":"Rheumatic cardiopathies and its risk factors: about 50 cases","volume":"73","author":"Maaloul","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. 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