{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T19:33:00Z","timestamp":1792006380708,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pancreatic fat is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, the relationship between different types of pancreatic fat and diabetes status remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine the potential of different types of pancreatic fat accumulation as a risk factor for T2DM in overweight or obese patients. In total, 104 overweight or obese patients were recruited from January 2020 to December 2022. The patients were divided into three groups: normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired fasting glucose or glucose tolerance (IFG\/IGT), and T2DM. mDixon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to detect pancreatic fat in all three groups of patients. The pancreatic head fat (PHF), body fat (PBF), and tail fat (PTF) in the IFG\/IGT group were 21, 20, and 31% more than those in the NGT group, respectively. PHF, PBF, and PTF were positively associated with glucose metabolic dysfunction markers in the NGT group, and inter-lobular fat volume (IFV) was positively associated with these markers in the IFG\/IGT group. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for PHF, PBF, and PTF (used to evaluate their diagnostic potential for glucose metabolic dysfunction) were 0.73, 0.73, and 0.78, respectively, while those for total pancreatic volume (TPV), pancreatic parenchymal volume, IFV, and IFV\/TPV were 0.67, 0.67, 0.66, and 0.66, respectively. These results indicate that intra-lobular pancreatic fat, including PHF, PTF, and PBF, may be a potential independent risk factor for the development of T2DM. Additionally, IFV exacerbates glucose metabolic dysfunction. Intra-lobular pancreatic fat indices were better than IFV for the diagnosis of glucose metabolic dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1421032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T05:35:58Z","timestamp":1719984958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Diverse associations between pancreatic intra-, inter-lobular fat and the development of type 2 diabetes in overweight or obese patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lihui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwen","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiming","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiancheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05482","article-title":"Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes","volume":"444","author":"Kahn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e984","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000973","article-title":"Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Powell-Wiley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3324","article-title":"Tracking adipogenesis during white adipose tissue development, expansion and regeneration","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E15-10-0749","article-title":"Cell biology of fat storage","volume":"27","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11525","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011525","article-title":"A combined transcriptomics and lipidomics analysis of subcutaneous, epididymal and mesenteric adipose tissue reveals marked functional differences","volume":"5","author":"Caesar","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04286-2","article-title":"Adipokines, adiposity, and atherosclerosis","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00680-1","article-title":"White adipocyte dysfunction and obesity-associated pathologies in humans","volume":"25","author":"Hagberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490650","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/490650","article-title":"Different adipose depots: their role in the development of metabolic syndrome and mitochondrial response to hypolipidemic agents","volume":"2011","author":"Bjorndal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.21.6.0415","article-title":"Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Wajchenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00893-6","article-title":"The evolving functions of the vasculature in regulating adipose tissue biology in health and obesity","volume":"19","author":"AlZaim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4385-1","article-title":"Metabolic crosstalk between fatty pancreas and fatty liver: effects on local inflammation and insulin secretion","volume":"60","author":"Gerst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3920196","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3920196","article-title":"The intricate relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance (IR), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"2020","author":"Tanase","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154299","article-title":"Metabolic liver disease in diabetes - from mechanisms to clinical trials","author":"Dewidar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.147","article-title":"NAFLD and diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Tilg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32345","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M313478200","article-title":"Mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"279","author":"Samuel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0088-0","article-title":"Pancreas regeneration","volume":"557","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00317-7","article-title":"Mechanisms controlling pancreatic islet cell function in insulin secretion","volume":"22","author":"Campbell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00573-3","article-title":"Metabolic implications of pancreatic fat accumulation","volume":"18","author":"Wagner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-06824-7","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty pancreas disease: role in metabolic syndrome, \"prediabetes,\" diabetes and atherosclerosis","volume":"67","author":"Filippatos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1073","article-title":"Pancreatic fat is negatively associated with insulin secretion in individuals with impaired fasting glucose and\/or impaired glucose tolerance: a nuclear magnetic resonance study","volume":"26","author":"Heni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00551-0","article-title":"Intra-pancreatic fat deposition: bringing hidden fat to the fore","volume":"19","author":"Petrov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0619","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes: the pathologic basis of reversible beta-cell dysfunction","volume":"39","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2918","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2918","article-title":"Ectopic fat accumulation in the pancreas and its biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30303-X","article-title":"2-year remission of type 2 diabetes and pancreas morphology: a post-hoc analysis of the DiRECT open-label, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"8","author":"al-Mrabeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2016.12.037","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in patients with chronic hyperglycemia after an episode of acute pancreatitis","volume":"11","author":"Gillies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180267","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20180267","article-title":"Obesity, metabolic disease and the pancreas-quantitative imaging of pancreatic fat","volume":"91","author":"Sakai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873699","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.873699","article-title":"Adipokines, Hepatokines and Myokines: focus on their role and molecular mechanisms in adipose tissue inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010019","article-title":"Exercise promotes bone marrow microenvironment by inhibiting Adipsin in diet-induced male obese mice","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90217-s","article-title":"Ultrasound imaging of pancreas and biliary tract","volume":"335","author":"Lindsell","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.07.025","article-title":"Brown fat in humans: consensus points and experimental guidelines","volume":"20","author":"Cypess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2020.07.001","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of abdominal adipose tissues and quantification of hepatic and pancreatic fat fractions in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"72","author":"Sarma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170344","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20170344","article-title":"Fat fraction mapping using magnetic resonance imaging: insight into pathophysiology","volume":"91","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465211068854","article-title":"Advantages of 3-dimensional measurements for supraspinatus intramuscular fatty evaluation in patients with medium to massive rotator cuff tears: comparison with a single sagittal slice","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.04.024","article-title":"Tissue fat quantification by magnetic resonance imaging: proton density fat fraction in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"41","author":"Oguz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14140754","article-title":"Accuracy of MR imaging-estimated proton density fat fraction for classification of dichotomized histologic steatosis grades in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"274","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23217","article-title":"Quantitative determination of pancreas size using anatomical landmarks and its clinical relevance: a systematic literature review","volume":"31","author":"Desouza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-013-0421-4","article-title":"Initial clinical application of modified Dixon with flexible echo times: hepatic and pancreatic fat assessments in comparison with (1)H MRS","volume":"27","author":"Livingstone","year":"2014","journal-title":"MAGMA"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"234","volume-title":"MICCAI: Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention. 18th international conference, Munich, Germany, October 5\u20139. 2015, Proceedings, Part II.","author":"Ronneberger","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"3431","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition","author":"Long","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation","volume":"15","author":"Alberti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220937","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20220937","article-title":"Automated whole-volume measurement of CT fat fraction of the pancreas: correlation with Dixon MR imaging","volume":"96","author":"Tanabe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2019.12.017","article-title":"Pancreas fat quantification with quantitative CT: an MRI correlation analysis","volume":"75","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.02.023","article-title":"Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation","volume":"115","author":"Fantuzzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00501-9","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the interplay between metabolism, microbes and immunity","volume":"3","author":"Tilg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00507-z","article-title":"Emerging therapeutic approaches for the treatment of NAFLD and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Ferguson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2014-2022 e2014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.027","article-title":"Fatty pancreas is independently associated with subsequent diabetes mellitus development: a 10-year prospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0896-8671","article-title":"Metabolomic characteristics of fatty pancreas","volume":"128","author":"Jaghutriz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13243","article-title":"Pancreatic fat accumulation evaluated by multidetector computed tomography in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Fukase","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2925","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease","volume":"11","author":"Donath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2022-0103","article-title":"Plasma IL-6, TREM1, uPAR, and IL6\/IL8 biomarkers increment further witnessing the chronic inflammation in type 2 diabetes","volume":"44","author":"Sater","year":"2023","journal-title":"Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1166","article-title":"Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2023.06.002","article-title":"Physiological role of cytokines in the regulation of mammalian metabolism","volume":"44","author":"de Baat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1421032\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T05:36:07Z","timestamp":1719984967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1421032\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2024.1421032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1421032","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"article-number":"1421032"}}