{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:17:28Z","timestamp":1793042248839,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition are prevalent malnutrition issues that disproportionately affect low-income countries and pose significant risks to the health and development of children and adolescents. This study offers a detailed examination of these deficiencies' prevalence trends and gender and regional variations using Global Burden of Disease Study data from 1990 to 2019. It also assesses the specific impact on various age groups, providing essential insights for targeted health interventions and policy-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data spanning from 1990 to 2019 on Vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition were extracted from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. Age-Standardized Incidence Rates (ASR) were computed by gender, region, and etiology, utilizing the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) to assess temporal trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2019, Central Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency, particularly among males, and iodine deficiency peaked in the same region for both genders. South Asia had the highest incidence of protein-energy malnutrition for both genders. Regions with a low Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) showed lower ASR for these deficiencies. Notably, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Maldives recorded the highest ASR for vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition, respectively. The declining ASR trend for vitamin A deficiency, especially among males, suggests effective interventions. East Asia saw a significant increase in iodine deficiency ASR from 1990 to 2019, particularly among women, requiring targeted interventions. The rising ASR of protein-energy malnutrition in several regions, especially among men, raises concerns. Vitamin A deficiency primarily affected children and adolescents, iodine deficiency predominantly impacted adolescents and young adults, and protein-energy malnutrition was chiefly observed among children under 5 years old. These findings underscore the necessity for tailored interventions considering age-specific nutritional needs and challenges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1426790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T01:24:25Z","timestamp":1721697865000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Trends in three malnutrition factors in the global burden of disease: iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition (1990\u20132019)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shaorong","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinglu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qilong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runtong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenni","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1843398","article-title":"The impact of the micronutrient iodine in health and diseases","volume":"62","author":"Opazo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91157-X","article-title":"Vitamin A","volume":"345","author":"Bates","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.651543","article-title":"Protein\u2013energy malnutrition: a risk factor for various ailments","volume":"55","author":"Batool","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050931","article-title":"Evolving patterns of nutritional deficiencies burden in low-and middle-income countries: findings from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B5","year":"2020","journal-title":"The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179640","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1179640","article-title":"Diet and nutrition for non-communicable diseases in low and middle-income countries","volume":"10","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4997","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.hesagr.2022.03.006","article-title":"Chapter 90\u2014The economics of malnutrition: Dietary transition and food system transformation","volume":"6","author":"Masters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handb Agricult Econ"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/08039410.2016.1252424","article-title":"Responsibility and the United Nations\u2014sustainable development goals","volume":"44","author":"Bexell","year":"","journal-title":"For Dev Stud"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30388-9","article-title":"Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: the GATHER statement","volume":"388","author":"Stevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Micronutrients, Agriculture and Nutrition; Linkages for Improved Health and Well-Being. Perspectives on the Micronutrient Nutrition of Crops","author":"Welch","year":"2001"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1196","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30386-3","article-title":"High-quality health systems in the Sustainable Development Goals era: time for a revolution","volume":"6","author":"Kruk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Introduction to Global Health","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2022"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050950","article-title":"Global burden of vitamin A deficiency in 204 countries and territories from 1990\u20132019","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665118002859","article-title":"Is iodine deficiency still a problem in sub-Saharan Africa? a review","volume":"78","author":"Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1844636","article-title":"A review of micronutrient deficiencies and analysis of maize contribution to nutrient requirements of women and children in Eastern and Southern Africa","volume":"62","author":"Galani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198733201.003.0004","article-title":"The micronutrient deficiencies challenge in African food systems","volume-title":"The Fight Against Hunger and Malnutrition: The Role of Food, Agriculture, and Targeted Policies","author":"Barrett","year":"2015"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0281681","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281681","article-title":"Determinants of good vitamin A consumption in the 12 East Africa countries using recent demographic and health survey","volume":"18","author":"Wolde","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60522-4","article-title":"Assessment of the 2010 global measles mortality reduction goal: results from a model of surveillance data","volume":"379","author":"Simons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e528","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00039-X","article-title":"Trends and mortality effects of vitamin A deficiency in children in 138 low-income and middle-income countries between 1991 and 2013: a pooled analysis of population-based surveys","volume":"3","author":"Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60222-6","article-title":"Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea","volume":"381","author":"Walker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01590-7","article-title":"Nutrition in adolescent growth and development","volume":"399","author":"Norris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e015135","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2024-015135","article-title":"Overnutrition is a risk factor for iron, but not for zinc or vitamin A deficiency in children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br Med J Glob Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101299","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burdens of common micronutrient deficiencies from 1990 to 2019: a secondary trend analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study","volume":"44","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B25","volume-title":"Report on Vitamin and Mineral Deficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa","year":"2004"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012004685","article-title":"Excessive iodine intake, water chemicals and endemic goitre in a Sudanese coastal area","volume":"16","author":"Medani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Publ Health Nutr"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0234","article-title":"Effect of excess iodine intake from iodized salt and\/or groundwater iodine on thyroid function in nonpregnant and pregnant women, infants, and children: a multicenter study in East Africa","volume":"28","author":"Farebrother","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0251854","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251854","article-title":"Individual and community level factors associated with use of iodized salt in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of demographic health surveys","volume":"16","author":"Yeshaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B29","volume-title":"Guideline: Fortification of Food-Grade Salt With Iodine for the Prevention and Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders","year":"2014"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R13","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0171","article-title":"Global endocrinology: global perspectives in endocrinology: coverage of iodized salt programs and iodine status in 2020","volume":"185","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13988","article-title":"Risks of excess iodine intake in Ghana: current situation, challenges, and lessons for the future","volume":"1446","author":"Abu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112209","article-title":"The impact of iodine concentration disorders on health and cancer","volume":"14","author":"Winder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132592","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of protein\u2013energy malnutrition: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"The Double Burden of Malnutrition: Priority Actions on Ending Childhood Obesity","year":"2020"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0273485","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273485","article-title":"Double burden of malnutrition in Nepal: a trend analysis of protein-energy malnutrition and High Body Mass Index using the data from Global Burden of Disease 2010\u20132019","volume":"17","author":"Pradhananga","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLos ONE"},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition in the Near East and North Africa 2019: Rethinking Food Systems for Healthy Diets and Improved Nutrition","year":"2020"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101850","article-title":"Trends and predictions of malnutrition and obesity in 204 countries and territories: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"57","author":"Chong","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31235\/osf.io\/3qw9d","article-title":"The dietary trend in the world particularly in China and India","author":"Yadav","year":"2020","journal-title":"SocArXiv"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071963","article-title":"Factors affecting vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency: a global health perspective","volume":"12","author":"Carr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061802","article-title":"Micronutrient deficiencies and stunting were associated with socioeconomic status in Indonesian children aged 6\u201359 months","volume":"13","author":"Ernawati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac089","article-title":"Nutrition in school-age children: a rationale for revisiting priorities","volume":"81","author":"Saavedra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1426790\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T01:24:32Z","timestamp":1721697872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1426790\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2024.1426790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1426790","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]]},"article-number":"1426790"}}