{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:28:12Z","timestamp":1791646092480,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to investigate the effects of <jats:italic>Polygonatum<\/jats:italic> fermented liquor (PFL) on improving lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in mice by regulating the gut microbiota.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty SPF-grade male Kunming mice were randomly divided into four groups: normal control group (NC), general liquor group (GC), fresh <jats:italic>Polygonatum<\/jats:italic> fermented liquor group (FPC), and nine-steam-nine-bask <jats:italic>Polygonatum<\/jats:italic> fermented liquor group (NPC). Each group was administered with sterile water, general liquor, fresh <jats:italic>Polygonatum<\/jats:italic> fermented liquor, and nine-steam-nine-bask <jats:italic>Polygonatum<\/jats:italic> fermented liquor, respectively, by gavage. The mice's liver, brain tissue, serum, and intestinal contents were collected. The indicators of oxidative stress in the liver, four blood lipid indicators, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the brain tissue were measured, liver hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was performed, and the gut microbiota in the small intestine were analyzed using 16S rRNA second-generation sequencing technology.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with the NC group, the NPC group showed significantly increased liver glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) content in mice (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), reduced number of lipid droplets in the liver cells, and increased GABA and BDNF content in the brain tissues. The NPC group regulated lipid metabolism by lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) content in the mouse serum. Gut microbiota analysis showed significant changes in the gut microbiota of mice in the FPC and NPC groups, with increased richness and species diversity. These two groups increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>, unclassified <jats:italic>Muribaculaceae<\/jats:italic>, unclassified <jats:italic>Bacilli<\/jats:italic>, and uncultured <jats:italic>Bacteroidales bacterium<\/jats:italic> while reducing the abundance of harmful bacteria such as <jats:italic>Candidatus Arthromitus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>, with a particularly significant reduction in <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). It is speculated that the two types of PFL may exert lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects by modulating the abundance of these dominant bacteria. Further studies showed that various environmental factors are closely related to the dominant gut bacteria. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly negatively correlated with <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> and unclassified <jats:italic>Bacilli<\/jats:italic>, superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly negatively correlated with <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01) and significantly negatively correlated with <jats:italic>Candidatus Arthromitus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), and HDL-C was significantly negatively correlated with <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Facklamia<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The two types of PFL chosen in this study may exert lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects by modulating the composition and function of the gut microbiota, providing guidance for the industrial application of <jats:italic>Polygonatum<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1428228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T04:47:14Z","timestamp":1723783634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects of Polygonatum fermented liquor: a study on intestinal microbiota and brain\u2013gut axis in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leyao","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhoujin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maijiao","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nenqun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031350","article-title":"Health-promoting activities and associated mechanisms of Polygonati Rhizoma polysaccharides","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116296","article-title":"Polygonati Rhizoma with the homology of medicine and food: a review of ethnopharmacology, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and applications","volume":"309","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.10.034","article-title":"A polysaccharide from Polygonatum sibiricum attenuates amyloid-\u03b2-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.13863\/j.issn1001-4454.2021.01.046","article-title":"Research progress on modern pharmacological effect of polygonati rhizoma","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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