{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T19:21:14Z","timestamp":1787944874542,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous observational studies have reported certain causal relationships between factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, physical activity, metabolic disorders, and the incidence of herpes zoster (HZ). However, there is controversy regarding the observed results across different studies. Our objective was to investigate the causal effects of these risk factors on the risk of herpes zoster through a Mendelian randomization analysis using two-sample bidirectional approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analyses to explore the causal relationships between different lifestyles, obesity assessment indices, metabolic indicators, and the risk of herpes zoster. All exposure and outcome data were sourced from publicly available data from genome-wide association studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) analysis, body mass index (BMI) (OR: 1.160, 95% CI: 1.030\u20131.307, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014), Body fat percentage (BFP) (OR: 1.241, 95% CI: 1.050\u20131.467, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.011), and whole body fat mass (WBFM) (OR: 1.199, 95% CI: 1.057\u20131.362, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005) exhibited positive associations with the risk of HZ. However, usual walking pace (UWP) (OR: 0.498, 95% CI: 0.254\u20130.976, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042) demonstrated a significant negative correlation with HZ risk. Other factors including alcohol intake frequency, smoking initiation, smoking status, insomnia, and sleep duration did not show significant causal relationships with HZ.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mendelian randomization studies revealed that BMI, BFP, and WBFM are risk factors for HZ. UWP showed a protective effect against HZ. These findings provide a straightforward method for evaluating future clinical practices aiming to develop personalized management strategies and assess high-risk populations for HZ.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1433570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T15:13:16Z","timestamp":1723648396000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Causal effect of lifestyle and metabolic indicator with herpes zoster: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Mingsheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiran","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020192","article-title":"Herpes zoster: a review of clinical manifestations and management","volume":"14","author":"Patil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15016","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.16","article-title":"Varicella zoster virus infection","volume":"1","author":"Gershon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004833","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-004833","article-title":"Systematic review of incidence and complications of herpes zoster: towards a global perspective","volume":"4","author":"Kawai","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0255877","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255877","article-title":"Herpes zoster epidemiology in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Bardach","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14650","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and risk of herpes zoster: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"46","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814003653","article-title":"Risk factors for herpes zoster in a large cohort of unvaccinated older adults: a prospective cohort study","volume":"143","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816003174","article-title":"Association of cigarette smoking with a past history and incidence of herpes zoster in the general Japanese population: the SHEZ study","volume":"145","author":"Ban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"2194","article-title":"Herpes zoster incidence in persons above 50 years of age","volume":"171","author":"\u00d8stergaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ugeskr Laeger"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.06.020","article-title":"Herpes zoster: family history and psychological stress-case-control study","volume":"55","author":"Lasserre","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.08.023","article-title":"Contacts with children and young people and adult risk of suffering herpes zoster","volume":"29","author":"Salleras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2478\/s11536-013-0155-8","article-title":"Risk factors in patients with herpes zoster infections: case-control study","volume":"8","author":"Pezer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0193299","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193299","article-title":"Reduced NK cell IFN-\u03b3 secretion and psychological stress are independently associated with herpes zoster","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665112000158","article-title":"The impact of obesity on the immune response to infection","volume":"71","author":"Milner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015563","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1015563","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and aberrant immune responses to viral infection and vaccination: insights from small animal models","volume":"13","author":"Geerling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"6","article-title":"Position statement. Part one: immune function and exercise","volume":"17","author":"Walsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exerc Immunol Rev"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi270","article-title":"Micronutrient intake and the risk of herpes zoster: a case-control study","volume":"35","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20200473","article-title":"Risk of herpes zoster in relation to body mass index among residents aged \u226550 years: the Shozu herpes zoster study","volume":"32","author":"Kawahira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using Mendelian randomization: the STROBE-MR statement","volume":"326","author":"Skrivankova","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17219","article-title":"Mendelian randomization","volume":"318","author":"Emdin","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies","volume":"23","author":"Davey Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05473-8","article-title":"Finn gen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population","volume":"613","author":"Kurki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000559","article-title":"Sensitivity analyses for robust causal inference from Mendelian randomization analyses with multiple genetic variants","volume":"28","author":"Burgess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203707","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1203707","article-title":"Causal association between inflammatory bowel disease and herpes virus infections: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46517-x","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus infection and primary membranous nephropathy: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.01.014","article-title":"Treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a review of therapeutic options","volume":"28","author":"Argoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manag"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.07.031","article-title":"Adipokine dysregulation, adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic syndrome","volume":"314","author":"Maury","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx449","article-title":"Association of walking pace and handgrip strength with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: a UK biobank observational study","volume":"38","author":"Yates","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-107336","article-title":"Walking speed and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Jayedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.08.001","article-title":"Exercise and the regulation of immune functions","volume":"135","author":"Simpson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3041","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease","volume":"11","author":"Gleeson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.10.009","article-title":"Risk factors for herpes zoster: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Kawai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"adv9400","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v103.9400","article-title":"Impact of type 1 versus type 2 diabetes on developing herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia: a population-based cohort study","volume":"103","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1433570\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]],"date-time":"2024-08-14T15:13:20Z","timestamp":1723648400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1433570\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2024.1433570"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1433570","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,14]]},"article-number":"1433570"}}