{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:42:09Z","timestamp":1790602929701,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81870462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82070789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82070789"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82100790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82100790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82200755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200755"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82200747"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200747"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003399","name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19441909300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19441909300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the association between representative insulin resistance (IR) indices and the risk of kidney stone disease in an American adult population. The representative IR indices referred to metabolic score for IR (METS-IR), triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG\/HDL-C) ratio, triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated adult participants who joined the 2015\u20132018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and reported kidney stone histories. Weighted proportions, multivariable regression analysis, and restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the associations between IR indices and kidney stones after their adjustment for gender, age, race, education, smoking status, alcohol drinking frequency, hypertension and diabetes status, physical activity level, water intake, and levels of calcium, cholesterol, and uric acid.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 19,225 participants were included. The weighted prevalence of kidney stone was 11.1%. A multivariable logistic regression model showed a dose\u2013response relationship between the METS-IR and kidney stone [odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20091.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.01, 1.04), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.01]. A similar relationship was observed between the TyG-BMI and kidney stone after full adjustment [OR\u2009=\u20091.0, 95% CI (1.0, 1.01), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.001]. Sex-stratified analyses revealed that the association between METS-IR and nephrolithiasis [OR\u2009=\u20091.03, 95% CI (1.01, 1.05), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.01], and the association between TyG-BMI and nephrolithiasis [OR\u2009=\u20091.01, 95% CI (1.0, 1.01), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;0.001] was significant among the male participants in the fully adjusted model. Moreover, a significant association was found between the METS-IR levels and nephrolithiasis [OR\u2009=\u20091.03, 95% CI (1.01, 1.06), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.01], and between the TyG-BMI levels and nephrolithiasis [OR\u2009=\u20091.01, 95% CI (1.0, 1.01), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05] among the diabetic participants after full adjustment. Furthermore, a potential nonlinear association was found between other IR indices (i.e., TG\/HDL-C, VAI, and HOMA-IR) and the risk of kidney stone disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Higher METS-IR and TyG-BMI levels were associated with a higher risk of nephrolithiasis. Future investigations are required to identify the role of IR in the progress of kidney stone formation and to propose prevention measures and health guidelines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1444049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T04:54:12Z","timestamp":1727844852000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Association between insulin resistance indices and kidney stones: results from the 2015\u20132018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiwen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yining","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenji","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.03.017","article-title":"Kidney stone pathophysiology, evaluation and management: Core curriculum 2023","volume":"82","author":"Shastri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00513-4","article-title":"The genetics of kidney stone disease and nephrocalcinosis","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.07.02","article-title":"Economic impact of urinary stones","volume":"3","author":"Hyams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0662","article-title":"Management of Kidney Stones in 2020","volume":"323","author":"Rule","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2015.67","article-title":"Stone formation and management after bariatric surgery","volume":"12","author":"Tarplin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.02.008","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and uric acid nephrolithiasis: insulin resistance in focus","volume":"83","author":"Spatola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F577","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00240.2006","article-title":"Characterization of the regulation of renal Na+\/H+ exchanger NHE3 by insulin","volume":"292","author":"Fuster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-020-00737-9","article-title":"Osteoporosis is a predictive factor for nephrolithiasis in an adult free-living Caucasian population from southern Italy: a longitudinal retrospective study based on a general practice database","volume":"107","author":"Rendina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000238","article-title":"Central adiposity increases risk of kidney stone disease through effects on serum calcium concentrations","volume":"34","author":"Lovegrove","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-016-0956-8","article-title":"Kidney stones diseases and glycaemic statuses: focus on the latest clinical evidences","volume":"45","author":"Spatola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3492","article-title":"Clinical review. 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