{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:35:42Z","timestamp":1789000542224,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. The increase in patients with obesity and diabetes raises the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Proper eating habits and adequate nutritional knowledge play a key role in preventing and treating these conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the dietary habits, nutritional knowledge, and nutritional status of patients hospitalized in a cardiology department in Poland, including those with obesity or diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted at St. Barbara Regional Specialized Hospital No. 5 in Sosnowiec from January to June 2021, involving 301 patients, 154 women (51.2%) and 147 men (48.8%), aged 29 to 87. Participants were assessed for BMI, NRS 2002 scale, morphology, biochemistry results, blood pressure, and examined for nutritional knowledge and habits using proprietary questionnaires. A proprietary scale was used to assess eating habits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most cardiology patients were overweight or obese, with 80% exceeding the normal weight range. No significant gender differences were noted in malnutrition risk on the NRS 2002 scale. The study found patients rarely consumed recommended amounts of vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, fish, and dairy products. Only 26.2% regularly ate a second breakfast, and just 9.3% chose water with meals. However, consumption of salty snacks, energy drinks, and alcohol was low. Biochemical and blood test analysis did not show significant differences between patients with diabetes, obesity, and others.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most cardiology patients were overweight or obese, which poses a significant risk for further health complications, including cardiovascular diseases. Although patients with diabetes and\/or obesity had better nutritional knowledge in some areas, this did not lead to healthier eating habits. The absence of significant differences in biochemical tests suggests that overall lifestyle and diet are crucial to cardiovascular health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1455236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T04:38:26Z","timestamp":1727843906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dietary habits, nutritional knowledge, and nutritional status among cardiological patients, including those with obesity and diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Anna-Maria","family":"Sapa\u0142a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Sta\u015bkiewicz-Bartecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Grochowska-Niedworok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Kardas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113501","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: past, present and future","volume":"12","author":"Lemieux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2022.108256","article-title":"A new perspective on diabetes distress using the type 2 diabetes distress assessment system (T2-DDAS): prevalence and change over time","volume":"36","author":"Fisher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Direct"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-020-04579-3","article-title":"Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and primary hypertension","volume":"36","author":"Litwin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"91","article-title":"Obesity of children and adolescents \u2013 epidemiology, consequences and prevention","volume":"9","author":"Bryl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Guide for GPs"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.05.013","article-title":"Obesity and hypertension","volume":"122","author":"Seravalle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5114\/ms.2012.27253","article-title":"Oty\u0142o\u015b\u0107 brzuszna \u2013 metody oceny, przyczyny wyst\u0119powania, implikacje zdrowotne","volume":"27","author":"Suliga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Studia Medyczne"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422410000144","article-title":"A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0\u00b75 could be a suitable global boundary value","volume":"23","author":"Browning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"ref8","author":"Jarosz","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-202-LB","article-title":"Global prevalence of type 2 diabetes over the next ten years (2018-2028)","volume":"67","author":"KAISER","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diab Abstr"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"561","article-title":"Obesity \u2013 insulin resistance \u2013 type 2 diabetes mellitus","author":"Ma\u0142ecki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kardiol Pol"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"624","article-title":"Analiza sk\u0142adowych zespo\u0142u metabolicznego wed\u0142ug IDF u kobiet z cukrzyc\u0105 typu 2","volume":"10","author":"Rajewski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Family Med Prima Care Rev"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S275898","article-title":"Obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes: associations and therapeutic implications","volume":"13","author":"Wondmkun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diab Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.9.2289","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. 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