{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:09:58Z","timestamp":1753891798047,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82301686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82301686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a close correlation between bone loss, depression, and antidepressants. N-3 PUFA supplementation has been considered an effective add-on therapeutic approach in ameliorating bone loss and relieving depression. However, the adjunctive effect of n-3 PUFA on bone metabolism in participants with depression is still unknown. This is a pilot study to investigate the dynamics of bone metabolism in depression and evaluate the efficacy of fish oil on bone loss in depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we focused on the change of bone turnover markers in depression, the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on bone turnover markers, and its association with clinical characteristics. A case\u2013control study and a secondary analysis of a previously published randomized clinical trial (NCT03295708) that evaluates the efficacy of n-3 PUFA supplementation in venlafaxine-treated depressed participants have been included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The levels of PINP (z\u202f=\u202f\u22122.233, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.026) in depressed participants were significantly increased compared with healthy controls at baseline. The secondary analysis has shown significant differences exited on CTX (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =\u202f4.848, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.028) and OSTEOC (<jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> =\u202f6.178, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.013) between n-3 PUFA and placebo group. The levels of CTX and OSTEOC (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.05) significantly decreased in the placebo group, which indicates that venlafaxine treatment reduces both bone formation and resorption markers. While the levels of OSTEOC and PINP were increased in the n-3 PUFA group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Moreover, the change in bone turnover markers showed consistency with clinical symptomatic outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants with first-diagnosed, drug-na\u00efve depression show active bone formation. Venlafaxine decreases bone remodeling, while n-3 PUFA increases bone formation, bringing light to preventing and treating bone loss in depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:uri>ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:uri>, NCT03295708.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1464526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1734007553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of fish oil supplementation on bone turnover markers in depression: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Feifei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jimin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuan-Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jindong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199610173351602","article-title":"Bone mineral density in women with depression","volume":"335","author":"Michelson","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.10.062","article-title":"Link between depression and bone mineral density in Cooper Center longitudinal study: indirect effects of vitamin D, inflammation, and physical activity","volume":"344","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0525-0","article-title":"Depressive symptoms, bone loss, and fractures in postmenopausal women","volume":"23","author":"Spangler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(03)00017-9","article-title":"Bone mineral density in premenopausal women with major depressive disorder","volume":"117","author":"Yazici","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.10.022","article-title":"Osteoporosis is associated with depression among older adults: a nationwide population-based study in the USA from 2005 to 2020","volume":"226","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32112-3","article-title":"Osteoporosis","volume":"393","author":"Compston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1159\/000162297","article-title":"Depression and bone metabolism. 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