{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T01:08:26Z","timestamp":1789780106315,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite being the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders, there are comparatively few treatment options available to patients presenting with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The ketogenic diet has historically shown therapeutic utility in treating refractory epilepsy, an adjacent neuropsychiatric condition, in children, adolescents and adults. The following review explores preclinical and clinical literature focusing on the therapeutic potential of the ketogenic diet and exogenous ketone body supplementation in treating common neurodevelopmental disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A narrative review of extant literature was conducted across the domains of perinatal nutrition, ASD, and ADHD. Preclinical and clinical studies focusing on the effect of either the ketogenic diet or exogenous ketone supplementation as a treatment option were included for review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>14 preclinical and 10 clinical studies were included for discussion. Data supporting the use of a ketogenic intervention for neurodevelopmental disorders is mixed. High heterogeneity in study design was noted for preclinical models, ketogenic intervention, and outcomes measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies evaluating ketogenic interventions for neurodevelopmental disorders remain in their infancy in terms of both the depth and scope of available literature. The safety and tolerability of ketogenic diets and supplements means there would be value in exploring their effectiveness further in clinical studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1485280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T04:21:38Z","timestamp":1734582098000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Exogenous ketone bodies and the ketogenic diet as a treatment option for neurodevelopmental disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Naomi Elyse","family":"Omori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mantas Kazimieras","family":"Malys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Latt","family":"Mansor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00005","article-title":"Ketogenic diet and epilepsy: what we know so far","volume":"13","author":"D\u2019Andrea Meira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142682","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1142682","article-title":"Exploring the role of ketone bodies in the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders","volume":"14","author":"Omori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1807-7","article-title":"The ketogenic diet and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Hersant","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846183","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.846183","article-title":"Exogenous ketones and lactate as a potential therapeutic intervention for brain injury and neurodegenerative conditions","volume":"16","author":"Omori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Starvation","volume":"94","author":"Cahill","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002517","article-title":"Acute ketogenic diet and ketone ester supplementation impairs race walk performance","volume":"53","author":"Whitfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002502","article-title":"The effect of blood ketone concentration and exercise intensity on exogenous ketone oxidation rates in athletes","volume":"53","author":"Dearlove","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000098889.35155.72","article-title":"Efficacy of the Atkins diet as therapy for intractable epilepsy","volume":"61","author":"Kossoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2013.09.032","article-title":"A decade of the modified Atkins diet (2003\u20132013): results, insights, and future directions","volume":"29","author":"Kossoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.21.11.1097","article-title":"Medium-chain triglycerides as a therapy for intractable childhood epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Huttenlocher","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2012.04.001","article-title":"Oral 28-day and developmental toxicity studies of (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate","volume":"63","author":"Clarke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(96)00409-1","article-title":"Potential of ketone body esters for parenteral and oral nutrition","volume":"13","author":"Brunengraber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062066","article-title":"Tolerability and safety of a novel ketogenic Ester, Bis-Hexanoyl (R)-1,3-Butanediol: a randomized controlled trial in healthy adults","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-200410","article-title":"Mitochondrial biogenesis and increased uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue of mice fed a ketone ester diet","volume":"26","author":"Srivastava","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-2863(94)00011-A","article-title":"R, S-1, 3-butanediol acetoacetate esters, potential alternates to lipid emulsions for total parenteral nutrition","volume":"6","author":"Desrochers","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-016-0069-y","article-title":"Effects of exogenous ketone supplementation on blood ketone, glucose, triglyceride, and lipoprotein levels in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats","volume":"13","author":"Kesl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrit metabolism"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-017-0184-4","article-title":"Oral \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate increases ketonemia, decreases visceral adipocyte volume and improves serum lipid profile in Wistar rats","volume":"14","author":"Caminhotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrit metabolism"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999274","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.999274","article-title":"Natural history and neurodevelopmental outcomes in perinatal stress induced hyperinsulinism","volume":"10","author":"Sigal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01745-3","article-title":"Prenatal maternal stress and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Manzari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3390\/genes8030104","article-title":"The epigenetic link between prenatal adverse environments and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"8","author":"Kundakovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen Dent"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2311","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics screen of mid-pregnancy maternal serum and autism in offspring","volume":"13","author":"Ritz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-020-01787-2","article-title":"Studying autism using untargeted metabolomics in newborn screening samples","volume":"71","author":"Courraud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-2008","article-title":"Ketones in pregnancy: why is it considered necessary to avoid them and what is the evidence behind their perceived risk?","volume":"44","author":"Tanner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-198","article-title":"A gestational ketogenic diet alters maternal metabolic status as well as offspring physiological growth and brain structure in the neonatal mouse","volume":"13","author":"Sussman","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00300","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.300","article-title":"Gestational ketogenic diet programs brain structure and susceptibility to depression & anxiety in the adult mouse offspring","volume":"5","author":"Sussman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-109","article-title":"Effects of a ketogenic diet during pregnancy on embryonic growth in the mouse","volume":"13","author":"Sussman","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.3c00331","article-title":"Does ketogenic diet used in pregnancy affect the nervous system development in offspring?\u2500 FTIR microspectroscopy study","volume":"14","author":"Rugiel","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02450-1","article-title":"Ketogenic diet impairs neurological development of neonatal rats and affects biochemical composition of maternal brains: evidence of functional recovery in pups","volume":"227","author":"Kosiek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"ref29","author":"Edmond","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12673","article-title":"Experience with the ketogenic diet in premature neonates","volume":"8","author":"Phitsanuwong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsia open"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13650","article-title":"Use of the ketogenic diet in the neonatal intensive care unit\u2014safety and tolerability","volume":"58","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.03.026","article-title":"When is the brain enlarged in autism? A meta-analysis of all brain size reports","volume":"58","author":"Redcay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.39","article-title":"Early brain overgrowth in autism associated with an increase in cortical surface area before age 2 years","volume":"68","author":"Hazlett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.3.337","article-title":"Evidence of brain overgrowth in the first year of life in autism","volume":"290","author":"Courchesne","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-016-9534-5","article-title":"Brain structure in autism: a voxel-based morphometry analysis of the autism brain imaging database exchange (ABIDE)","volume":"11","author":"Riddle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2011.65","article-title":"Age-related change in brain metabolite abnormalities in autism: a meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies","volume":"2","author":"Aoki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105728","article-title":"Neurometabolite differences in autism as assessed with magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Thomson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05778-7","article-title":"The lack of alterations in metabolites in the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala, but their associations with autistic traits, empathy, and personality traits in adults with autism spectrum disorder: a preliminary study","volume":"54","author":"Shirayama","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145709990952","article-title":"Metabolite alterations in the hippocampus of high-functioning adult subjects with autism","volume":"13","author":"Suzuki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852922000840","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway and autism spectrum phenotypes: an investigation among adults with autism spectrum disorder and their first-degree relatives","volume":"28","author":"Carpita","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73814","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073814","article-title":"Altered metabolites in the plasma of autism spectrum disorder: a capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectroscopy study","volume":"8","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-020-01685-z","article-title":"Targeted metabolomics highlights perturbed metabolism in the brain of autism spectrum disorder sufferers","volume":"16","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2330","article-title":"A metabolomics approach to screening for autism risk in the children's autism metabolome project","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.10.023","article-title":"Ketogenic diets improve behaviors associated with autism spectrum disorder in a sex-specific manner in the EL mouse","volume":"168","author":"Ruskin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171643","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171643","article-title":"Ketogenic diet improves behaviors in a maternal immune activation model of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"12","author":"Ruskin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2015.1133029","article-title":"The effect of ketogenic diet in an animal model of autism induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid","volume":"20","author":"Castro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.06.005","article-title":"Maternal infection during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2499","article-title":"Prenatal maternal infection and risk for autism in offspring: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Tioleco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02898.x","article-title":"The EL mouse: a natural model of autism and epilepsy","volume":"52","author":"Meidenbauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6503a1","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years\u2014autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2012. MMWR","volume":"65","author":"Christensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surveillance summaries"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0874-2","article-title":"Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder: a review","volume":"20","author":"Ferri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/15332985.2015.1031858","article-title":"Autism, females, and the DSM-5: gender bias in autism diagnosis","volume":"14","author":"Haney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Work Ment Health"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-023-09630-2","article-title":"Is there a Bias towards males in the diagnosis of autism? A systematic review and Meta-analysis","author":"Cruz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3941041\/v1","volume-title":"Dietary beta-hydroxybutyrate is superior to a ketogenic diet to improve behavior and abnormal myelination in a mouse model of NMDA receptor deficiency","author":"Yan","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-01985-2","article-title":"Ketogenic diet ameliorates axonal defects and promotes myelination in Pelizaeus\u2013Merzbacher disease","volume":"138","author":"Stumpf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e176","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13193","article-title":"The ketogenic diet compensates for AGC 1 deficiency and improves myelination","volume":"56","author":"Dahlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2021.1875300","article-title":"Ketogenic diet protects myelin and axons in diffuse axonal injury","volume":"25","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2010.04.006","article-title":"N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dysfunction or dysregulation: the final common pathway on the road to schizophrenia?","volume":"83","author":"Kantrowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.107426","article-title":"The origin of NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia","volume":"205","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2023.114432","article-title":"Ketogenic diet ameliorates autism spectrum disorders-like behaviors via reduced inflammatory factors and microbiota remodeling in BTBR T+ Itpr3tf\/J mice","volume":"366","author":"Olivito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01837894","article-title":"Autism and lactic acidosis","volume":"15","author":"Coleman","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2013.01.006","article-title":"Mitochondrial abnormalities in temporal lobe of autistic brain","volume":"54","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000190","DOI":"10.4172\/2165-7890.1000190","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"6","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autism-open access"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510695","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.10.03.510695","article-title":"The ketogenic diet metabolite \u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate promotes mitochondrial elongation via deacetylation and improves autism-like behavior in zebrafish","volume":"2022","author":"Uddin","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2220","article-title":"During autophagy mitochondria elongate, are spared from degradation and sustain cell viability","volume":"13","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.02.006","article-title":"A modified ketogenic gluten-free diet with MCT improves behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"188","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738030180020501","article-title":"Application of a ketogenic diet in children with autistic behavior: pilot study","volume":"18","author":"Evangeliou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-017-0088-z","article-title":"Ketogenic diet versus gluten free casein free diet in autistic children: a case-control study","volume":"32","author":"el-Rashidy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.9b00581","article-title":"Metabolic framework for the improvement of autism spectrum disorders by a modified ketogenic diet: a pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Mu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101401","article-title":"Ketogenic diet induced shifts in the gut microbiome associate with changes to inflammatory cytokines and brain-related miRNAs in children with autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"16","author":"Allan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00858","article-title":"Evidence for treatable inborn errors of metabolism in a cohort of 187 Greek patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)","volume":"7","author":"Spilioti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0219-1","article-title":"Therapeutic use of carbohydrate-restricted diets in an autistic child; a case report of clinical and 18FDG PET findings","volume":"33","author":"\u017barnowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.1.2080.5525","article-title":"PET\/CT in autism, a diagnostic tool","volume":"6","author":"Chivate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Health Scie Res"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.02.002","article-title":"A systematic review of molecular imaging (PET and SPECT) in autism spectrum disorder: current state and future research opportunities","volume":"52","author":"Z\u00fcrcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073813488668","article-title":"Autism and dietary therapy: case report and review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Herbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-04952-7","article-title":"Brief report: examining test-retest reliability of the autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS-2) calibrated severity scores (CSS)","volume":"52","author":"Janvier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-117.2.156","article-title":"Do autistic symptoms persist across time? Evidence of substantial change in symptomatology over a 3-year period in cognitively able children with autism","volume":"117","author":"Pellicano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Intellect Dev Disabil"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13551","article-title":"Diagnostic stability in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: insights from a longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"63","author":"Elias","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2050313X16666231","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X16666231","article-title":"Unexpected improvement in core autism spectrum disorder symptoms after long-term treatment with probiotics","volume":"4","author":"Grossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1557385","article-title":"Omega-3 PUFAs and vitamin D co-supplementation as a safe-effective therapeutic approach for core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder: case report and literature review","volume":"23","author":"Infante","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt261","article-title":"ADHD prevalence estimates across three decades: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"43","author":"Polanczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i26","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-006-1004-4","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"256","author":"Sobanski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2019.1628277","article-title":"Comorbidity between ADHD and anxiety disorders across the lifespan","volume":"23","author":"D\u2019Agati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.09.008","article-title":"The role of comorbid major depressive disorder in the clinical presentation of adult ADHD","volume":"41","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715626511","article-title":"Comorbidity of adult ADHD and its subtypes with substance use disorder in a large population-based epidemiological study","volume":"23","author":"Capusan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2014.892151","article-title":"Psychosis in adulthood is associated with high rates of ADHD and CD problems during childhood","volume":"68","author":"Dalteg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12618-009-0024-1","article-title":"Review of prospective longitudinal studies of children with ADHD: mental health, educational, and social outcomes","volume":"1","author":"Sciberras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Atten Disord Rep"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713486516","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of ADHD: a systematic review of self-esteem and social function","volume":"20","author":"Harpin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2018.1443460","article-title":"Trajectories of global self-worth in adolescents with ADHD: associations with academic, emotional, and social outcomes","volume":"48","author":"Dvorsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.v02n0502","article-title":"Methylphenidate abuse and psychiatric side effects","volume":"2","author":"Morton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Primary Care Companion to the J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-2-30","article-title":"Response variability in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a neuronal and glial energetics hypothesis","volume":"2","author":"Russell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav Brain Funct"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01344-4","article-title":"SHR\/NCrl rats as a model of ADHD can be discriminated from controls based on their brain, blood, or urine metabolomes","volume":"11","author":"Dupuy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819498","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.819498","article-title":"Urinary metabolomic study in a healthy children population and metabolic biomarker discovery of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-013-0107-9","article-title":"Altered serum mono-and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in adults with ADHD","volume":"5","author":"Irmisch","year":"2013","journal-title":"ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-004-1209-3","article-title":"Blood phospholipid fatty acid analysis of adults with and without attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"39","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-020-00466-x","article-title":"Diet modification impact on ADHD outcome","volume":"45","author":"Abd el Baaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull Natl Res Cent"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11794-z","article-title":"Comorbidity of epilepsy and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"270","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1002\/epd2.20148","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric comorbidities and cognition in epilepsy with eyelid myoclonia: a retrospective pediatric case series","volume":"25","author":"Ballar\u00e0 Petitb\u00f2","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24301956","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.30.24301956","article-title":"Plant-based fat supply is associated with reduced ADHD disease burden","volume":"2024","author":"Ni","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031796","article-title":"Differential metabolic effects of saturated versus polyunsaturated fats in ketogenic diets","volume":"89","author":"Fuehrlein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.11.014","article-title":"Effects of a ketogenic diet on ADHD-like behavior in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Packer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.109913","article-title":"Ketogenic therapy in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders: from mice to men","volume":"101","author":"Kraeuter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13913","article-title":"Ketogenic diets: a systematic review of current scientific evidence and possible applicability in dogs and cats","volume":"108","author":"Vendramini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451500313X","article-title":"A randomised trial of a medium-chain TAG diet as treatment for dogs with idiopathic epilepsy","volume":"114","author":"Law","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0302.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a portable meter to measure ketonemia and comparison with ketonuria for the diagnosis of canine diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"23","author":"Tommaso","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13354","article-title":"Comparison of insulin infusion protocols for management of canine and feline diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"34","author":"Gant","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2302039","article-title":"No effects of Decanoic acid on locomotor activity and antioxidant Defences in an experimental animal model of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"23","author":"Carre\u00f3n-Trujillo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Integr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0289133","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289133","article-title":"Ketogenic diet ameliorates attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in rats via regulating gut microbiota","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref109","article-title":"Perinatal 6-hydroxydopamine modeling of ADHD","author":"Kostrzewa","year":"","journal-title":"Neurotoxin modeling of brain disorders\u2014Life-long outcomes in behavioral teratology"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00589907","article-title":"Effects of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate on hyperactivity produced by neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment","volume":"99","author":"Luthman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2014.10.013","article-title":"Acute anticonvulsant effects of capric acid in seizure tests in mice","volume":"57","author":"Wla\u017a","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838941","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.838941","article-title":"Composition of the gut microbiota in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2016.09.001","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes and nutritional strategies in very low birth weight infants","volume":"22","author":"Belfort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81972-8","article-title":"Mice with reduced NMDA receptor expression display behaviors related to schizophrenia","volume":"98","author":"Mohn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1485280\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T04:21:46Z","timestamp":1734582106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1485280\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"references-count":114,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2024.1485280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1485280","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"article-number":"1485280"}}