{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:03:27Z","timestamp":1789128207542,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Enterotoxic\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (ETEC) is the main pathogen that causes diarrhea, especially in young children. This disease can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality and is a major global health concern. Managing ETEC infections is challenging owing to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Berberine, categorized as a substance with similarities in \u201cmedicine and food,\u201d has been used in China for hundreds of years to treat gastrointestinal disorders and bacteria-induced diarrhea. This study investigated the preventive effect of dietary berberine on the intestinal mucosal barrier induced by ETEC and the microbial community within the intestines of weaned piglets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-four piglets were randomly divided into four groups. Piglets were administered either a standard diet or a standard diet supplemented with berberine at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1%. and orally administered ETEC or saline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dietary supplementation with berberine reduced diamine oxidase, d-lactate, and endotoxin levels in piglets infected with ETEC (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Berberine increased jejunal villus height, villus\/crypt ratio, mucosal thickness (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05), and goblet cell numbers in the villi and crypts (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Furthermore, berberine increased the optical density of mucin 2 and the mucin 2, P-glycoprotein, and CYP3A4 mRNA expression levels (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Berberine increased the expressions of zonula occludins-1 (ZO-1), zonula occludins-2 (ZO-2), Claudin-1, Occludin, and E-cadherin in the ileum (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Moreover, berberine increased the expression of BCL2, reduced intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05) and decreased the expression of BAX and BAK in the duodenum and jejunum, as well as that of CASP3 and CASP9 in the duodenum and ileum (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Berberine decreased the expression of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-\u03b1, and IFN-\u03b3 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05) and elevated total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid concentrations (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Notably, berberine enhanced the abundance of beneficial bacteria including\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus, Holdemanella, Weissella, Pediococcus, Muribaculum, Colidextribacter, Agathobacter, Roseburia, Clostridium, Fusicatenibacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Simultaneously, the relative abundance of harmful and pathogenic bacteria, such as\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella, Paraprevotella, Corynebacterium, Catenisphaera, Streptococcus, Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Collinsella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , decreased (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Berberine alleviated ETEC-induced intestinal mucosal barrier damage in weaned piglets models. This is associated with enhancement of the physical, chemical, and immune barrier functions of piglets by enhancing intestinal microbiota homeostasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1494348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:11:19Z","timestamp":1736813479000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Berberine alleviates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage in a piglet model by modulation of the intestinal 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