{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T10:48:05Z","timestamp":1772621285544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stunting and overt malnutrition remain prevalent among school age children in rural areas of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire while obesity is increasing in urban areas. Associations of children's nutritional status, <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection, physical activity and household characteristics with body composition were analyzed to identify what factors might be contributing to this dual burden of disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Longitudinal growth curve models (LGCM) evaluated associations of micronutrient status, household food security, <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> prevalence and physical activity assessed at three time points with fat free mass and fat mass.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>More severe anaemia was inversely associated with FFM and TrFFM trajectories overall and among girls. <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection had an indirect inverse association with FFM trajectories through anaemia among girls and through reductions of vitamin A directly associated with FFM. Changes in zinc concentrations were positively associated with FM trajectories overall and among boys. Food insecurity was inversely associated with FFM among boys from lower socio-economic status (SES) households while increased MVPA was associated with reduced fat mass among girls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The integration of Malaria control programs with efforts to improve household healthy diet and promote physical activity can lead to improvements in body composition and overall child health and wellbeing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1524810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T15:30:42Z","timestamp":1738164642000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Micronutrient status, food security, anaemia, Plasmodium infection, and physical activity as predictors of primary schoolchildren's body composition in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kurt Z.","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvain G.","family":"Traor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouadio B.","family":"Kouassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean T.","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bomey C.","family":"Gba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daouda","family":"Dao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Beckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christin","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Seelig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Probst-Hensch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"P\u00fchse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Utzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bassirou","family":"Bonfoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16071212","article-title":"Childhood obesity prevention in Africa: a systematic review of intervention effectiveness and implementation","volume":"16","author":"Klingberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-010-0101-9","volume":"104","author":"Faye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017003664","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and obesity among children from primary schools in urban areas of Lom\u00e9, Togo","volume":"21","author":"Sagbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ancard.2012.04.020","volume":"61","author":"Kramoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris)."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980020002621","article-title":"A scoping review of literature describing the nutritional status and diets of adolescents in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire","volume":"24","author":"Jesson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pub Health Nutr."},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Transform Nutrition West Africa Dakar, Senegal.","author":"Casu","year":"2021"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03684-6","article-title":"Dietary diversity in primary schoolchildren of south-central C\u00f4te d'Ivoire and risk factors for non-communicable diseases","volume":"22","author":"Traor\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60813-1","article-title":"The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments","volume":"378","author":"Swinburn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00228.x","article-title":"Impact of micronutrient deficiencies on obesity","volume":"67","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz084","article-title":"Zinc supplementation and body weight: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00185","article-title":"Effects of mixed carotenoids on adipokines and abdominal adiposity in children: a pilot study","volume":"102","author":"Canas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_329_15","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on weight loss, glycemic indices, and lipid profile in obese and overweight women: a clinical trial study","volume":"9","author":"Khosravi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941093","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.941093","article-title":"Association between serum iron status and muscle mass in adults: results from NHANES 2015-2018","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2014.07.022","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on upper and lower body muscle strength levels in healthy individuals. A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e611","DOI":"10.3109\/17477166.2010.533775","article-title":"Associations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and central body fat in 3\u20138-year-old children","volume":"6","author":"Martinez-Gomez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pediatric Obesity."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3310-x","article-title":"A 5-year exercise program in children improves muscle strength without affecting fracture risk","volume":"116","author":"Fritz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11836","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811836","article-title":"Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, weight status, and body composition among South African primary schoolchildren","volume":"19","author":"Gerber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20232","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020232","article-title":"Effect of a multidimensional physical activity intervention on body mass index, skinfolds and fitness in South African children: results from a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19060","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70215-x","article-title":"High prevalence of asymptomatic and subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infections but no histidine-rich protein 2 gene deletion in Bouak\u00e9, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire","volume":"14","author":"Sagna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2509-9","article-title":"Anaemia and malaria","volume":"17","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1499","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30325-9","article-title":"Preventive malaria treatment among school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"8","author":"Cohee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-02473-3","article-title":"Micronutrient status and associated factors of adiposity in primary school children with normal and high body fat in Colombo municipal area, Sri Lanka","volume":"21","author":"Thillan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3883-5","article-title":"Effects of school-based physical activity and multi-micronutrient supplementation intervention on growth, health and well-being of schoolchildren in three African countries: the KaziAfya cluster randomised controlled trial protocol with a 2 \u00d7 2 factorial design","volume":"21","author":"Gerber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu221","article-title":"Health & demographic surveillance system profile: The Taabo Health and Demographic Surveillance System, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire","volume":"44","author":"Kon\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.1.45","article-title":"Centers for disease control and prevention 2000 growth charts for the United States: improvements to the 1977 national center for health statistics version","volume":"109","author":"Ogden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182447825","article-title":"Use of a two-regression model for estimating energy expenditure in children","volume":"44","author":"Crouter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2012.05.012","article-title":"Validation of the GT3X ActiGraph in children and comparison with the GT1M ActiGraph","volume":"16","author":"H\u00e4nggi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.19.3.252","article-title":"Accelerometer assessment of physical activity in children: an update","volume":"19","author":"Rowlands","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199805000-00021","article-title":"Calibration of the computer science and applications, Inc. accelerometer","volume":"30","author":"Freedson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189304","article-title":"Reproducibility of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time over two seasons in children; comparing a day-by-day and a week-by-week approach","volume":"12","author":"Aadland","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(03)00005-6","article-title":"Soluble transferrin receptor for the evaluation of erythropoiesis and iron status","volume":"329","author":"Beguin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta."},{"key":"B32","volume-title":"Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity","year":"2011"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity","year":"2010"},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide","author":"Coates","year":"2007"},{"key":"B35","first-page":"397","article-title":"simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"14","author":"Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo."},{"key":"B36","volume-title":"Helminth Control in School-Age Children: A Guide for Managers of Control Programmes, 2nd ed. World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcgg.2015.03.007","article-title":"Relationship between low muscle mass and anemia in Korean elderly men: using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IVeV)","volume":"6","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Gerontol Geriat."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2853","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182853","article-title":"A novel muscle atrophy mechanism: myocyte degeneration due to intracellular deprivation","volume":"11","author":"Suh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59872","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.59872","article-title":"Sex-based differences in clearance of chronic Plasmodium falciparum infection","volume":"9","author":"Briggs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0296-3","article-title":"Neonatal vitamin A injection promotes cattle muscle growth and increases oxidative muscle fibers","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.23937\/2572-3243.1510096","article-title":"A low vitamin A diet decreases skeletal muscle performance","volume":"7","author":"Ruiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Disord Treat."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114522000757","article-title":"Measuring the impact of malaria infection on indicators of iron and vitamin A status: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"Sandalinas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03925","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.03925","article-title":"Vitamin A supplements, routine immunization, and the subsequent risk of Plasmodium infection among children under 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"4","author":"Hollm-Delgado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0250759","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250759","article-title":"Association between central obesity indices and iron status indicators among Qatari adults","volume":"16","author":"Kerkadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1155-7","article-title":"A review of iron studies in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a double burden in the young?","volume":"55","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.43","article-title":"Adiposity in women and children from transition countries predicts decreased iron absorption, iron deficiency and a reduced response to iron fortification","volume":"32","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Obes."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2008.10.044","article-title":"Excess adiposity, inflammation, and iron-deficiency in female adolescents","volume":"109","author":"Tussing-Humphreys","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nzz041","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzz041.OR09-07-19","article-title":"Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) promotes visceral obesity due to defective adipose tissue browning (OR09-07-19)","volume":"3","author":"Yook","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101138","article-title":"Chronic high dose zinc supplementation induces visceral adipose tissue hypertrophy without altering body weight in mice","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2022.126940","article-title":"Association between zinc and body composition: an integrative review","volume":"71","author":"Cunha","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016001154","article-title":"The effect of zinc supplementation on body composition and hormone levels related to adiposity among children: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Gunanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Publ Health Nutr."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2012.04.013","article-title":"Fluxes in \u201cfree\u201d and total zinc are essential for progression of intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"19","author":"Marvin","year":"2012"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-023-01945-6","article-title":"Associations of serum carotenoids with visceral adiposity index and lipid accumulation product: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES 2001-2006","volume":"22","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nuae183","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae183","article-title":"Impact of vitamin A deficiency on iron metabolism and anemia: a historical perspective and research advances","volume":"2024","author":"Mejia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2014.05.005","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency modulates iron metabolism via ineffective erythropoiesis","volume":"25","author":"da Cunha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111746","article-title":"Relationship of food security with skeletal muscle mass and hangrip strength by sex","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrition."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061879","article-title":"Association between food insecurity and sarcopenia among adults aged \u226565 years in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12514","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912514","article-title":"The impact of physical activity at school on body fat content in school-aged children","volume":"19","author":"\u0141ugowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43316-w","article-title":"Effects of accelerometer-based sedentary time and physical activity on DEXA-measured fat mass in 6059 children","volume":"14","author":"Agbaje","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02223-x","article-title":"Impact of a school-based health intervention program on body composition among South African primary schoolchildren: results from the KaziAfya cluster-randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0803_5","article-title":"The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models","volume":"8","author":"Enders","year":"2001","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM1003_3","article-title":"Power of latent growth modeling for detecting group differences in linear growth trajectory parameters","volume":"10","author":"Fan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.3.475","article-title":"The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease 2","volume":"84","author":"Wolfe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1524810\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T15:31:05Z","timestamp":1738164665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1524810\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2024.1524810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1524810","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"article-number":"1524810"}}