{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:23:00Z","timestamp":1791199380565,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Depression is a major global mental health challenge. Previous research suggests a link between magnesium consumption and depression, but the dose\u2013response relationship remains unclear. This study investigates the relationship between dietary magnesium intake and depression risk among American adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from the 2005\u20132020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were examined. Depression was measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and dietary magnesium consumption was calculated from two 24-h meal recalls. We used restricted cubic spline models, logistic regression, and sensitivity analyses to assess the connection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 35,252 participants (mean age: 49.5\u202f\u00b1\u202f17.6\u202fyears; 49.9% women), we observed a nonlinearity in the relationship between dietary magnesium intake and depression. Below the inflection point (366.7\u202fmg\/day), the odds ratio (OR) was 0.998 (95% CI: 0.997\u20130.999, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Above this point, the OR was 1.001 (95% CI: 1.000\u20131.002, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.007). In participants aged \u226560\u202fyears, the association was inverse L-shaped, with magnesium intake \u2265270.7\u202fmg\/day increasing depression incidence by 0.1% per 1\u202fmg\/d increase.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A nonlinear dose\u2013response relationship exists between dietary magnesium intake and depression risk among US adults. Age significantly moderates this association, suggesting dietary recommendations should be tailored to different age groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1484344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T05:22:43Z","timestamp":1738819363000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of dietary magnesium intake on depression risk in American adults: a cross-sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yanping","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32408-5","article-title":"Reducing the global burden of depression: A lancet\u2013world psychiatric association commission","volume":"393","author":"Herrman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa025","article-title":"Nutrition and behavioral health disorders: depression and anxiety","volume":"79","author":"Kris-Etherton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.103846","article-title":"High glycemic index diet as a risk factor for depression: analyses from the women\u2019s health Initiative1","volume":"102","author":"Gangwisch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94715","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094715","article-title":"Sweetened beverages, Boffee, and tea and depression risk among older US adults","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05649-7","article-title":"Sugar intake from sweet food and beverages, common mental disorder and depression: prospective findings from the Whitehall II study","volume":"7","author":"Kn\u00fcppel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517003361","article-title":"Added sugars and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, dietary carbohydrate index and depression risk in the seguimiento universidad de Navarra (SUN) project","volume":"119","author":"Sanchez-Villegas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2023.10.017","article-title":"Magnesium disorders: Core curriculum 2024","volume":"83","author":"Adomako","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061661","article-title":"The role and the effect of magnesium in mental disorders: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Botturi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01905-w","article-title":"Magnesium and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational and intervention studies","volume":"59","author":"Veronese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2023.01.002","article-title":"Mental health, eating habits and physical activity levels of elite iranian athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"38","author":"Taheri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Sports"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-023-00653-w","article-title":"Comparative study of the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and nutritional practices among international elite and sub-elite athletes: A sample of 1420 participants from 14 countries","volume":"9","author":"Taheri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.10.011","article-title":"Coupling between NMDA receptor and acid-sensing ion channel contributes to ischemic neuronal death","volume":"48","author":"Gao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71392","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.71392","article-title":"Magnesium matters: A comprehensive review of its vital role in health and diseases","volume":"16","author":"Fatima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2015.7","article-title":"Dietary magnesium deficiency alters gut microbiota and leads to depressive-like behaviour","volume":"27","author":"Gudrun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"ref15","year":""},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1","article-title":"National health and nutrition examination survey: plan and operations, 1999-2010","volume":"1","author":"Zipf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat"},{"key":"ref17","year":""},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","article-title":"Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MDThe PHQ primary care study","volume":"282","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6504","article-title":"Accuracy of the PHQ-2 alone and in combination with the PHQ-9 for screening to detect major depression: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"323","author":"Levis","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref20","year":""},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2015.02.140176","article-title":"Magnesium intake and depression in adults","volume":"28","author":"Tarleton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.12.114","article-title":"Dietary magnesium intake and risk of depression","volume":"246","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.155572","article-title":"Magnesium intake is not related to depression risk in spanish university graduates","volume":"142","author":"Derom","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15030774","article-title":"The association of serum and dietary magnesium with depressive symptoms","volume":"15","author":"Chou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref25","year":""},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010","article-title":"The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"147","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3672","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123672","article-title":"Magnesium status and stress: the vicious circle concept revisited","volume":"12","author":"Pickering","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830512Y.0000000044","article-title":"Magnesium and depression: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Derom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.10.051","article-title":"Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: A review and hypothesis","volume":"74","author":"Eby","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119257","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of magnesium supplementation on cerebral ischemic diseases","volume":"272","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010223","article-title":"Magnesium and the brain: A focus on neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"24","author":"Maier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01678.x","article-title":"Aging and gastrointestinal neuromuscular function: insights from within and outside the gut","volume":"23","author":"Bitar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Food and nutrition board","volume-title":"Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D","author":"Ross","year":""},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000238","article-title":"The ageing gastrointestinal tract","volume":"19","author":"Soenen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(96)00342-1","article-title":"Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and insulin resistance the role of intracellular magnesium","volume":"10","author":"Paolisso","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210790883679","article-title":"Magnesium and aging","volume":"16","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2010","journal-title":"CPD Dent"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016058229972","article-title":"Magnesium chemistry and biochemistry","volume":"15","author":"Maguire","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2004.08.001","article-title":"Magnesium deficiency and osteoporosis: animal and human observations","volume":"15","author":"Rude","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2011.03.003","article-title":"Aging with multimorbidity: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Marengoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.8581","article-title":"Changes in prescription and over-the-counter medication and dietary supplement use among older adults in the United States, 2005 vs 2011","volume":"176","author":"Qato","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13153","article-title":"Health outcomes associated with polypharmacy in community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review","volume":"62","author":"Fried","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00465.x","article-title":"Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated?","volume":"70","author":"Rosanoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S194","DOI":"10.1684\/mrh.2010.0213","article-title":"Assessment of magnesium status for diagnosis and therapy","volume":"23","author":"Elin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000775","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000775","article-title":"Magnesium for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease","volume":"5","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Heart"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1484344\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T05:22:46Z","timestamp":1738819366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1484344\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1484344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1484344","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"article-number":"1484344"}}