{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:44:37Z","timestamp":1788237877679,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obesity is a major global health issue, driving high morbidity and mortality rates. The body roundness index (BRI), which includes waist circumference, offers a more accurate measure of visceral and total body fat. However, despite evidence of BRI's effectiveness in predicting obesity-related diseases, national-level data, especially from non-Western populations like China, remain limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study utilized data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a large, nationally representative cohort of Chinese adults, to examine the temporal trends of BRI, identify associated risk factors, and investigate the longitudinal associations between BRI and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. BRI was calculated using height and waist circumference measurements. Temporal trends and risk factors were analyzed cross-sectionally, while longitudinal associations were examined using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for confounders. Mediation analyses were conducted to assess the role of intermediate factors such as hypertension and diabetes in the relationship between BRI and CVD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 12,902 participants were included for risk factor analysis, 10,525 for longitudinal analysis, and 7,310 for cumulative analysis. BRI continued to rise slowly across survey cycles but was higher in women, older adults, and urban residents. Multivariable analysis identified age, alcohol consumption, elevated blood pressure, and diabetes as positive predictors of BRI, while male sex, rural residence, and smoking were negatively associated. Higher baseline BRI was significantly associated with increased CVD risk (HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.22\u20131.69), stroke (HR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.12\u20131.98), and heart disease (HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.22\u20131.77). Cumulative BRI similarly predicted increased risks of CVD, stroke, and heart disease. Mediation analysis showed that hypertension accounted for 20.69% of the association between BRI and CVD risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>BRI is a robust predictor of CVD risk. Targeting hypertension and other metabolic conditions could mitigate the elevated CVD risk associated with high BRI in Chinese adults. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating BRI into public health strategies to better manage obesity-related health risks in China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1515067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T16:35:56Z","timestamp":1737736556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Temporal trends, associated risk factors and longitudinal cardiovascular outcomes of body roundness among middle-aged and older Chinese adults: from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 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