{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T13:50:56Z","timestamp":1770472256401,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Few studies have examined the secular trends of total calcium and vitamin D intake and their circulating levels together among adults in the United States (US). Understanding the trends of these nutrients may be useful for refining existing nutrition policy and guidelines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to report trends in total calcium and vitamin D intake and their circulating levels in the US population aged 18\u202fyears or older in 2007\u20132018.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross-sectional study identified adults aged 18\u202fyears or older in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2018. Calcium and vitamin D intake including their supplements were the average of two 24-h recalls. Serum calcium and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured using established methods. Weighted regression was used to test trends in calcium and vitamin D intake, and serum total calcium and 25(OH)D levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research included 16,751 participants, including 9,046 males and 7,705 females. Serum total calcium significantly decreased with survey years from 2007 to 2018 (9.42 to 9.31\u202fmg\/dL) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> trend &amp;lt;0.001). Calcium intake declined from 2009 to 2018 (1,070 to 1,010\u202fmg\/day; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> trend &amp;lt;0.001). In contrast, vitamin D intake and serum 25(OH)D increased with survey years (5.8 to 11.0 mcg\/day and 65.6 to 68.5\u202fnmol\/L, respectively; all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> trend &amp;lt;0.001). The trends in calcium intake vs. serum total calcium (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> trend interaction =0.267), and vitamin D intake vs. serum 25(OH)D with survey years were comparable (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> trend interaction =0.190). Inadequate vitamin D intake decreased with survey years (86.0 to 80.2%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> trend\u202f=\u202f0.002). Moderate vitamin D deficiency (22.3 to 21.5%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> trend\u202f=\u202f0.043), but not severe vitamin D deficiency (3.3 to 2.9%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> trend\u202f=\u202f0.119), also declined with calendar years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 2007 to 2018, US adults showed a decrease in serum total calcium, and an increase in serum 25(OH)D levels. Both trends were partly due to declined calcium and increased vitamin D intake.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1538019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T16:32:09Z","timestamp":1742401929000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Secular trends of vitamin D and calcium intake and their circulating levels in US adults from 2007 to 2018"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yongliang","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyue","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanlin","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuman","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Overview 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