{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:59:16Z","timestamp":1790279956739,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an elevated risk of both vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and depression. However, the relationship between VDD and the risk of depression in this population remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using the TriNetX network database (2010\u20132019), we conducted a propensity score-matched cohort study of CKD patients aged \u226550\u202fyears. Patients were categorized into VDD (\u226420\u202fng\/mL) and control (\u226530\u202fng\/mL) groups based on measurements within 3 months of CKD diagnosis. The primary outcome was the incidence of major depression within 1 year of follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 17,955 matched pairs, VDD was associated with increased depression risk at 1 year (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.929; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.52\u20132.448;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001). This association persisted through 3 years of follow-up. The relationship remained consistent across CKD stages, with similar risks in early (HR:1.977; 95% CI: 1.382\u20132.829) and CKD stage 3\u20135 (HR:1.981; 95% CI: 1.533\u20132.559). Males with VDD showed higher depression risk (HR: 2.264; 95% CI: 1.498\u20133.421) compared to females (HR:1.761; 95% CI: 1.307\u20132.374). Even vitamin D insufficiency (20\u201330\u202fng\/mL) increased depression risk compared to normal levels (HR:1.667; 95% CI: 1.318\u20132.11). In patients with VDD, cerebrovascular disease, malnutrition, and ischemic heart disease are risk factors for depression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VDD is independently associated with increased depression risk in patients with CKD, particularly in males. These findings suggest that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels might be important for mental health in patients with CKD, although randomized trials are needed to confirm whether supplementation can prevent depression in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1540633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:15:19Z","timestamp":1737936919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association between vitamin D deficiency and major depression in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"I-Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Chen","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Jen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao-Tsung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Chuan","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32977-0","article-title":"The 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