{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:09:56Z","timestamp":1753891796196,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>An excessively reactive immune system results in the cytokine storm COVID-19. A healthy diet is essential to maintain the balance between the immune system and inflammatory and oxidative stress. Associations between single foods and nutrients and COVID-19 have been examined. However, no prior study has examined associations between nutrient patterns and COVID-19. This study assessed the link between nutrient patterns and the COVID-19 severity and length of hospital stay in Iranian adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 107 Iranian adults aged 20\u201360\u202fyears, who were admitted to Amir Alam Hospital in Tehran, Iran, due to COVID-19. Data on their symptoms were collected through a demographic questionnaire and verified against their hospital records. Three non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls were used to collect participants\u2019 food and beverage intake. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to derive nutrient patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 95 Covid patients with a mean age of 46.2\u202fyears were included. Four major dietary patterns were identified using the Scree Plot chart, including high carbohydrate and high minerals pattern; high protein and high vitamins pattern; high fat pattern; and poor nutrient pattern. Adherence to the poor nutrient patterns was associated with a higher number of hospitalization days and lower appetite (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). The poor dietary patterns were associated with an increased likelihood of headache, fever, and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Also, headaches were more common with adherence to the high-fat pattern (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings of this study show that a poor nutrient pattern is related to longer hospital stays and reduced appetite. It also connected to an increased likelihood of symptoms including headaches, fever, and respiratory distress syndrome. A strong association was found between respiratory distress syndrome, headaches, and a high-fat diet was found. Further studies with prospective designs are needed to better understand and validate these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1542449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T05:17:29Z","timestamp":1740979049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The association between nutrient patterns and hospital stay duration and symptoms in COVID-19 in Iranian patients: cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Atieh","family":"Mirzababaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farideh","family":"Shiraseb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azam","family":"Mohamadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahya","family":"Mehri Hajmir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Zarrinvafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Kazemian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Mehrvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khadijeh","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"w20235","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2020.20235","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: palliative care for elderly and frail patients at home and in residential and nursing homes","volume":"150","author":"Kunz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"w20229","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2020.20229","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: triage for intensive-care treatment under resource scarcity","volume":"150","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11326-2","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics and initial spatiotemporal visualisation of COVID-19 in a major city in the Middle East","volume":"21","author":"MohammadEbrahimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1177\/10105395211017755","article-title":"Clustering of COVID-19 symptoms among Iranian patients: the role of preexisting comorbidity on latent class membership","volume":"33","author":"Moradi-Asl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15336-0","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic\u2019s true death toll in Iran after two years: an interrupted time series analysis of weekly all-cause mortality data","volume":"23","author":"Ebrahimoghli","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref6"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061924","article-title":"Nutrition in the actual COVID-19 pandemic. 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